• Language and Information
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 2008

This paper examines the effects of focus types on case ellipsis in Korean. A number of previous studies have suggested that accusative case markers in Korean and Japanese cannot be dropped when the object they mark is contrastively focused (Masunaga, 1988; Yatabe, 1999; Ko, 2000; Lee, 2002). Using experimental evidence, we argue against the view that case ellipsis in Korean is sensitive to the distinction between contrastive vs. non-contrastive focus. An alternative analysis is proposed which accounts for the phenomenon of variable case marking in terms of the interaction between the contrastive strength and the discourse accessibility of focused object NPs. By viewing patterns of case ellipsis as the result of balancing between these two forces, such an analysis can correctly predict the gradient pattern of case ellipsis shown by the three types of focused objects tested in the experiment (contrastive replacing focus, contrastive selecting focus and non-contrastive, informational focus), while at the same time offering an explanation for why subtypes of focus exert distinct influences on case ellipsis.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.102-116
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the effects of fashion brand extensions types, preannouncing and consumers' regulatory focus on preference towards extension products. To that end, the study used a 2 (fashion brand extension types: similar vs. non-similar) ${\times}2$ (preannouncing: near preannouncing vs. far preannouncing) ${\times}2$ (regulatory focus: promotion focus vs. prevention focus) three mixed elements. The subjects of the study were 280 men and women in their 20~40s living in Seoul and Chungnam province and total of 229 data were analyzed. Data were analysed with SPSS 19.0 program and three-way ANOVA, simple interaction effects and simple main effects analysis were conducted. The results of this study are as follows: First there were significant differences in preference based on fashion brand extension types and preannouncing. Second, there were significant interaction effects in preference between extension types of fashion brand and regulatory focus. But there was no difference in preference toward extension products according to types of preannouncing and regulatory focus. Lastly, fashion brand extension types, preannouncing and regulatory focus showed significant interaction effects on preference. Thus even in cases of non-similar brand extensions which carry more risk of failing, the appropriate marketing communication strategies such as preannouncing will result in brand preference. Also marketing activities should be comprehensive and strategical based on consumers' tendencies in order to derive positive evaluations.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of attentional focus(internal focus vs. external focus) on the dart throwing mechanics. Seven expert dart throwing athletes were assigned to an internal focus group and other seven athletes were assigned to an external focus group. Each group was asked to throw dart either under verbal instruction or without instruction. During dart throwing, accuracy(radial error), consistency(bivariate variable error), dart velocity, acceleration, elbow joint ROM, elbow joint angular velocity, EMD(electromechanical delay), iEMG of biceps brachii and triceps brachii, and CI(coactivation index) were collected and analyzed. Nither instruction type nor instruction itself affected in accuracy and consistency. However, in dart velocity and acceleration, there was an interaction between instruction and attentional focus types. Velocity and acceleration increased in the internal condition, where as they decreased in the external condition. The ROM of elbow joint did not affected by instruction and attention type. However, similar to dart velocity and acceleration, angular velocity increased in internal focus group, while it decreased in external focus group. EMG showed no difference with any condition. In conclusion, internal focus is better than external focus for dart throwing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

The influence of the emotion of envy as a variable in the brand attitude has increased. This study validates the influence of envy types, brand awareness, and regulatory focus chronic of consumers on favorability of luxury fashion brand. This study was designed with the mixed factorial design of 2 (envy types: benign vs malicious) ${\times}$ 2 (brand awareness types: high vs low) ${\times}$ 2 (regulatory focus chronic types: promotion focus vs prevention focus). The data for this research was collected from a questionnaire distributed to 302 subjects aged between 20 and 39 in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas; consequently, a total of 275 data were analyzed. Data were analyzed with SPSS 23 program and three-way ANOVA, Simple interaction effects and simple main effects analysis were conducted. The results of this research were as follows. First, envy type and brand awareness showed significant interaction for the favorability of a luxury fashion brand. Second, envy type, brand awareness, and consumers' regulatory focus chronic showed significant interaction on the favorability of luxury fashion brand. Based on the findings, the characteristics of consumers' regulatory focus in brand attitude must be taken into consideration by luxury fashion brand marketers. The use of SNS strategies to induce emotions of benign envy through the comparisons to close acquaintances is recommended in order to raise brand preferability.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.179-184
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• 2005

The aim of this paper is to analyze the phonetic features of the lexical contrastive focus and the segmental contrastive focus. In this paper, I made two variables to study the realization of the contrastive focus. One is the three phonation types of the Korean plosive, a lenis, a fortis and an aspirate. The other is the positions of the segmental contrastive focus syllable in a word. I examined pitch, duration, intensity, VOT, formant, and so on. The realization of focus is different by the phonation types and the positions of the focused syllable.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.313-315
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• 2011

Smart phone camera module are mounted on the focus are 2 types depending on the behavior. AF (Auto focus) camera module and the FF (Fixed focus) camera module two are different types. AF camera module to move the location of the lens and is a way to automatically focus, FF camera module lens position of the focus is the way to a fixed state. EDOF camera module the location of the lens as a frozen state EDOF AF module using the algorithm to focus on applied technology is a module. In this paper, optimization EDOF camera module implementation of the resolution.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.103-121
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• 2013

Since American Airlines's mileage program emerged in market, loyalty programs have gained popularity. Many companies have generated many kinds of reward cards in order to induce precious consumers. As a result, reward cards are very important in consumer goods market and become diversified. In spite of its importance, little is known about how these cards influence consumer's perception. The prior research has not focused on reward card types and psychological variables. Accordingly this research intends to investigate psychological variables such as transaction coupling and sunk cost perception. According to the theory of regulatory focus, promotion focus consumers would point to gain-nongain frame work, but prevention focus consumers would point to loss-nonloss frame work. The paper proved the effect of reward card types and regulatory focus on transaction coupling and sunk cost perception. Based on the results from 2(type of card : visible vs invisible) ${\times}$ 2(regulatory focus: promotion vs prevention) between-subjects factorial design experiments, we found that consumer's transaction coupling and sunk cost perception of visible reward card are better recognized than invisible reward card. In addition, the results show that there is a significant interaction effect between the type of reward card and regulatory focus. Specifically promotion focused consumers tend to reveal better perception than prevention focused consumers in use of invisible cards. However, prevention focused consumers tend to show better perception than promotion focused consumers in use of visible cards. These findings will contribute to significant academic development and practically useful help to marketing managers.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.89-104
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• 2004

This paper investigates previous theories on English focus realization and attempts to find out the overall acoustic characteristics of English focus. It has been argued in previous studies that English focus can be defined as a new information that is not recoverable from the context (Halliday 1967), a complementary element of presupposition (Jackendoff 1972), and what is predicated about the topic in a sentence (Sgall 1973, Gundel 1974). The phonetic realization of English focus in an utterance has been said to be either L+H*/H*, or falling accent. Yet it is a more or less simplified pattern not based on real data obtained from native speakers of English, and it does not consider the various pragmatic and contextual situations. In our experiments we found that native speakers uttered English focus sentences in different ways according to the different focus structure. Another notable result is that Korean speakers, when provided with the same experimental material, are neither able to distinguish different focus types nor deaccent the elements that are not focused in an utterance.

• Language and Information
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.87-105
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• 2001

This paper categorizes currently available theories of focus into two major types a 'discourse structure approach'(DSA) and a 'sentence structure approach'(SSA) The former DSA is intended to refer to a type of approach that analyzes focus only in terms of the discourse structure in which a focused sentence occurs. The alternative semantics approach which is the most widely available theory of focus belongs to this The latter SSA is meant to refer to a type of theory that analyzes focus in terms of sentence-internal structure, This study supports the SSA be revealing some empirical problems of the DSA that arise is analyzing two different kinds of focus, the A-accented focus and the B-accented focus (contrastive topic), and provides a brief sketch of a comprehensive analysis of focus and contrastive topic.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.173-192
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• 2002

Internet-based on-line firms have focused on the development of new business models with an assumption that this new model would create their competitiveness. At the same time, off-line firms have opened new marketing channels on the internet in order to defend their position against on-line firms. Based on Porter's well-known generic strategy, this study compares between on-line firms and on-offline firms i) whether these two types of firms take different strategies among cost reduction, marketing differentiation, innovation differentiation, and focus and ii) how the performance of these two types of firms is affected by different strategy types. The result shows that on-offline firms prefer the strategy of marketing differentiation and innovative differentiation while the strategy of cost reduction and focus are taken without significant difference between online firms and on-offline firms. Also it is found that even though the strategy of marketing differentiation and innovation differentiation are more preferred by on-offline firms than on-line firms, these two strategy types have a significant influence on the on-line firms' performance while the focus strategy has a significant influence on the on-offline firms' performance. Other managerial implications are discussed.