• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.5-11
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• 2013

It is of great importance to obtain the uniform layer thickness in the multi-layer co-extrusion processes. In the present study, the three-dimensional numerical simulation was carried out using the open source code named OpenFOAM(R) to understand the flow characteristics in the multi-layer die. In this numerical study, Multi-thin-layers were successfully computed depending on the number of repeating units. The generation mechanism for the multi-layer was numerically verified by the flow simulation and visualization in the co-extrusion die using OpenFOAM(R). The results suggested that the multi-layer has a divided and folded mechanism similar to the stretching and folding in the chaotic flow.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2004

The characteristics of foam generation were assessed for freshwater and seawater using a foam generator. Both in freshwater and seawater, the height of the foam layer increased with initial protein concentrations. The height of the foam layer also increased with pore size of the air distributor. The optimum superficial air velocities (SAV) in freshwater and seawater were 0.84 cm/sec and 0.6 cm/sec, respectively. The height of the foam layer was the highest in pH 3 in freshwater and in the region of pH 5-7 in seawater. The height of the foam layer increased with $NaHCO_3$ concentration in freshwater, and $NaHCO_3$ concentration had little effect in seawater. Removal efficiencies of total suspended solid (TSS) and turbidity decreased with an increase of initial protein concentrations in a batch foam separator both in freshwater and seawater.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.324-329
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• 2018

Needle-like NiO protecting layers on NiCrAl alloy foam, used as support for hydrogen production, are introduced through electroplated Ni and subsequent microwave annealing. To improve the stability of the NiCrAl alloy foam, oxygen concentration of microwave annealing to form a needle-like NiO layer with good chemical stability and corrosion resistance is controlled in a range of 20 and 50 %. As the oxygen concentration increases to 50 %, needle-like NiO forms a dense coating layer on the NiCrAl alloy foam; this layer formation can be attributed to accelerated growth of the (200) plane. In addition, the increased oxygen concentration causes increased NiO/Ni ratio of the resultant coating layer on NiCrAl alloy foam due to improved rate of the oxidation reaction. As a result, the introduction of dense needle-like NiO layers formed at 50 % oxygen concentration improves the chemical stability of the NiCrAl alloy foam by protecting the direct electrochemical reaction between the electrolyte and the foam. Thus, needle-like NiO can be proposed as a superb protecting layer to improve the chemical stability of NiCrAl alloy form.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 2016

Direct numerical simulations of a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate have been performed to verify the applicability of OpenFOAM and adapted mesh with prism layers to turbulent numerical simulation with high fidelity as well as provide a guideline on numerical schemes and parameters of OpenFOAM. Reynolds number based on a momentum thickness at inlet and a free-stream velocity was Re_θ=300. Time dependent inflow fields with near-wall turbulent structures were generated by a method of Lund et al. (1998), which was to extract instantaneous velocity fields from an auxiliary simulation with rescaled and recycled velocities at inlet. To ascertain the statistical characteristics of turbulent boundary layer, the mean profiles of streamwise velocity and turbulent intensities obtained from structured and adapted meshes were compared with the previous data.

• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.253-258
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• 2023

Although the development of transportation means has realized the right to mobility for the disabled who have difficulty in moving, it can be said that the improvement of the safety of passengers with disabilities that can occur in a car accident is lower than that of ordinary passenger seats. In particular, in the case of a rear-end collision that can occur suddenly, it is a reality that disabled passengers are vulnerable to head and neck injuries. Therefore, in this study, a multi-layer headrest foam that divides the headrest into three parts in the coronal plane was proposed to improve the head and neck injury index of disabled passengers in the vehicle in the event of a rear-end collision of a wheelchair transport vehicle. A range of stress scale factors was selected to give various compressive characteristics of the foam through low-speed rear-end collision analysis through a simple model, and GA optimization was performed by specifying the range as a parameter. Through the optimization result, the phase relationship between HIC and NIC was analyzed according to the compression characteristics of the layers. HIC responded most sensitively to the compression characteristics of the front layer and NIC responded to the compression characteristics of the mid layer, and the compression characteristics of the rear layer showed the lowest. A normal headrest and an optimized multi-layer headrest were placed in the validation model to analyze the low-speed rear-end collision sled test, and HIC and NIC were derived lower in the multi-layer headrest than in the general headrest. The compression behavior of the multi-layer headrest was also clearly shown, and it was verified that the multi-layer headrest was effective in improving the injury index of the head and neck compared to the general headrest.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.03a
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• pp.267-273
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• 2012

Solar reforming of methane with CO2 was successfully tested with a direct irradiated absorber on a parabolic dish capable of 5kWth solar power. And the new type of double-layer absorber-the front layer, porous metal foam which absorbs the radiation and transfers the heat from material to gas, and the back layer, catalytically-activated metal foam-was prepared, and its activity was tested by using electric furnace. Ni was applied as the active metal on the gamma-Al2O3 coated Ni metal foam for the preparation of the catalytically-activated metal foam layer. Compared to conventional direct irradiation of the catalytically activated metal foam absorber, this new type of double layer absorber is found to exhibit a superior reaction and thermal storage performance at the fluctuating incident solar radiation. In addition, unlike direct irradiation of the foam absorber, double layer absorber has better thermal resistance, which prevents the emergence of cracks caused by mechanical or thermal shock. The total solar power absorbed reached up to 3.25kW and the maximum CH4 conversion was almost 59%.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.80-86
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• 2011

Solar reforming of methane with CO2 was successfully tested with a direct irradiated absorber on a parabolic dish capable of 5kWth solar power. And the new type of double-layer absorber - the front layer, porous metal foam which absorbs the radiation and transfers the heat from material to gas, and the back layer, catalytically-activated metal foam - was prepared, and its activity was tested by using electric furnace. Ni was applied as the active metal on the gamma-Al2O3 coated Ni metal foam for the preparation of the catalytically-activated metal foam layer. Compared to conventional direct irradiation of the catalytically activated metal foam absorber, this new type of double layer absorber is found to exhibit a superior reaction and thermal storage performance at the fluctuating incident solar radiation. In addition, unlike direct irradiation of the foam absorber, double layer absorber has better thermal resistance, which prevents the emergence of cracks caused by mechanical or thermal shock. The total solar power absorbed reached up to 3.25kW and the maximum CH4 conversion was almost 59%.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2016

The elastic modulus of a 3D-printed Kelvin foam plate is investigated by measuring the acoustic wave velocity of 1 MHz ultrasound. An isotropic tetrakaidecahedron foam with 3 mm unit cell is designed and printed layer upon layer to fabricate a Kelvin foam plate of 14 mm thickness with a 3D CAD/printer using ABS plastic. The Kelvin foam plate is completely filled with paraffin wax for impedance matching, so that the acoustic wave may propagate through the porous foam plate. The acoustic wave velocity of the foam plate is measured using the time-of-flight (TOF) method and is used to calculate the elastic modulus of the Kelvin foam plate based on acousto-elasticity. Finite element method (FEM) and micromechanics is applied to the Kelvin foam plate to calculate the theoretical elastic modulus using a non-isotropic tetrakaidecahedron model. The predicted elastic modulus of the Kelvin foam plate from FEM and micromechanics model is similar, which is only 3-4% of the bulk material. The experimental value of the elastic modulus from the ultrasonic method is approximately twice as that of the numerical and theoretical methods because of the flexural deformation of the cell edges neglected in the ultrasonic method.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.392-397
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• 2017

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated NiCrAl alloy foam is fabricated using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (USPD). To confirm the influence of the FTO layer on the NiCrAl alloy foam, we investigated the structural, chemical, and morphological properties and chemical resistance by using USPD to adjust the FTO coating time (12, 18, and 24 min). As a result, when an FTO layer was coated for 24 min on NiCrAl alloy foam, it was found to have an enhanced chemical resistance compared to those of the other samples. This improvement in the chemical resistance of using USPD NiAlCr alloy foam can be the result of the existence of an FTO layer, which can act as a protection layer between the NiAlCr alloy foam and the electrolyte and also the result of the increased thickness of the FTO layer, which enhances the diffusion length of the metal ion.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.391-397
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• 2015

NiO catalysts/$Al_2O_3$/FeCrAl alloy foam for hydrogen production was prepared using atomic layer deposition (ALD) and subsequent dip-coating methods. FeCrAl alloy foam and $Al_2O_3$ inter-layer were used as catalyst supports. To improve the dispersion and stability of NiO catalysts, an $Al_2O_3$ inter-layer was introduced and their thickness was systematically controlled to 0, 20, 50 and 80 nm using an ALD technique. The structural, chemical bonding and morphological properties (including dispersion) of the NiO catalysts/$Al_2O_3$/FeCrAl alloy foam were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy. In particular, to evaluate the stability of the NiO catalysts grown on $Al_2O_3$/FeCrAl alloy foam, chronoamperometry tests were performed and then the ingredient amounts of electrolytes were analyzed via inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. We found that the introduction of $Al_2O_3$ inter-layer improved the dispersion and stability of the NiO catalysts on the supports. Thus, when an $Al_2O_3$ inter-layer with a 80 nm thickness was grown between the FeCrAl alloy foam and the NiO catalysts, it indicated improved dispersion and stability of the NiO catalysts compared to the other samples. The performance improvement can be explained by optimum thickness of $Al_2O_3$ inter-layer resulting from the role of a passivation layer.