• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 2006

This work described 3 infection cases caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals between 3 and 5 months of age. The disease histories were not fully taken from local veterinarians. At least 1 sick foal has been treated with cephalothins followed by penicillins during approximately 1 week, but died without effectiveness and other foals rearing with the animal have been suffering from severe pneumonia which show high fever, laboring respiration, cough and/or nasal discharge. There were many abscessations into lungs of 2 foals in postmortem examination and another 1 sample was pus collected from abscess around the shoulder, indicating the osteomyelitis. Those bacteria were grampositive coryneform and were identified as a R. equi by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers for R. equi-specific vapA gene. The pathogens were usually resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, cefazolin, clindamycin, sulfamethoxazol/trimethoprim, kanamycin, and tetracycline, while were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, orfloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, neomycin, and vancomycin. Some more foals with respiratory symptoms in 1 horse farm were treated by orally administration with erythromycin during 2 weeks. Because the combination of erythromycin and rifampin has recommended as the treatment for R. equi infections in foals, the local equine veterinarian can choose those antibiotics for the treatment of this disease in future. However, another antimicrobial agent may be necessary if R. equi resistant to both agents is isolated.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.334-339
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• 2000

The considerable researches have been done on the change,1 associated with age in the blood picture of domestic animals, but a survey has not been of the blood picture in Thoroughbred fears in Korea. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to outline the range of values in clinically not\\\\`- mal Thoroughbred foals. Some blood chemical parameters from 3 days to 8 weeks of age were exam-ined to obtain normal values in Thoroughbred foal7. Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein in 11 Thoroughbred foals and collected at 3 days, and at 1,2,4 and 8 weeks of age, respectively. The results obtained ill this study were summarized as follows: The packed cell volume (PCV) at 4 weeks of age was significantly lower than that at 3 days of age (P<0.01) and that al 2 and 8 weeks of age were straightly lower than that at 3 days of age (P<0.05). The total protein (TP) at 8 weeks of age was higher than that at 3 days, 1 and 2 weeks of age (P<0.05). The activity of aspartate ami-notransferase (AST) at 2,4 and 8 weeks of age were significantly higher than that at 3 days of age (P<0.01). The total bilirnbin showed a tendency to decrease gradually according to the weeks and that at 2,4 and 8 weeks of age were significantly lower than that at 3 days of age (P<0.01). The BUN at 1 and 8 weeks of ago were lower than that at 3 days of age (P<0.05). The concentration of Ca at 1 week of alee was higher than that at 3 days of age (P<0.05). The vitamin A and vitamin E showed a tendency to decrease gradually from 3 days to 4 weeks of age and increased slightly at 8 weeks of age.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.60-66
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• 2016

Polyurethane foam index a of the cell structure and the absorption change by using the foam stabilizer of six to investigate the polyurethane foam index producing the agent to the siloxane analyzed with silicon foam stabilizer with FE-SEM in accordance with the characteristics of the silicon-based foam stabilizer cell structure of the primary DC-193 on the chain ends is PO n dog bond, DC-2585, DC-5125, DC-198 has been confirmed as a close cell, silicone surfactant is combined EO n dog to a siloxane main chain terminus DC-5043 and DC-5598 that appeared to open cell structure. In addition, most absorption of the DC-5043 appeared was the size of the open cell greatest formed by the absorption of the cell structure change this absorption of the size of the close cell most detailed and uniform DC-193 appeared small household water-resistant best many showed. The performance test of the water was found to be excellent.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.1237-1244
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• 2022

Horse breeders suffer massive economic losses due to dystocia, abortion, and stillbirths. In Thoroughbred mares, breeders often miss the foaling process because approximately 86% of the foaling events occur from 19:00 to 7:00; consequently, breeders cannot assist mares experiencing dystocia. To solve this problem, various foaling alarm systems have been developed. However, there is a need to develop a new system to overcome the shortcomings of the existing devices and improve their accuracy. To this end, the present study aimed to (1) develop a novel foaling alarm system and (2) compare its accuracy with that of the existing Foalert^TM system. Specifically, eighteen Thoroughbred mares (11.9 ± 4.0 years old) were included. An accelerometer was used to analyze specific foaling behaviors. Behavioral data were transmitted to a data server every second. Depending on the acceleration value, behaviors were automatically classified by the server as categorized behaviors 1 (behaviors without change in body rotation), 2 (behaviors with sudden change in body rotation, such as rolling over), and 3 (behaviors with long-term change in body rotation, such as lying down laterally). The system was designed to alarm when the duration of categorized behaviors 2 and 3 was 12.9% and that of categorized behavior 3 was 1% during 10 min. The system measured the duration of each categorized behavior every 10 min and transmitted an alarm to the breeders when foaling was detected. To confirm its accuracy, the foaling detection time of the novel system was compared with that of Foalert^TM. The novel foaling alarm system and Foalert^TM alarmed foaling onset respectively 32.6 ± 17.9 and 8.6 ± 1.0 min prior to foal discharge, and the foaling detection rate of both systems was 94.4%. Therefore, the novel foaling alarm system equipped with an accelerometer can precisely detect and alert foaling onset.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal digestible energy levels on pregnancy mares. Physical changes and fecal microorganism in pregnant horse and changes in birth characteristics of neonatal foals were investigated. The experiment was conducted by 18 mares (Jeju corssed bred, older than 36 months) into three treatment groups. The experimental diet consisted of 80%, 100%, 120% digestible energy levels based on NRC. The average daily intake was lower in the 120% (8.75±1.01) than the 100% (9.34±0.92), 80% (9.14±0.88) and there was significant difference (p<0.05). The feed efficiency was lower in the 120% than 80%, 100% (p<0.05). Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride was higher in 120% than others (p<0.05). However there were no health problem and there was no difference between the treatment groups in the birth characteristics of neonatal foals. At the phylum level, Fibrobactres was difference by digestible energy levels, 80% (8.53%) was higher than 100%, 120%. At the genus level, Bacteroides and Kineothrix increased in fecal proportions with increasing digestible energy levels (p<0.05). Fibrobacter showed higher composition at 80% than 100% and 120% (p<0.05).

• Strategy21
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• s.39
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• pp.5-46
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• 2016

North Korea's 4th nuclear test on Jan. 6 and following developments once again awakened the world into seriousness of the nuclear matters on the Korean peninsula. On March 2, UNSC adopted Resolution 2270 which is complemented by Seoul government's measures such as withdrawal from the Gaesung Industrial Complex (Feb. 9) and announcement of unilateral sanction (March 8). Seoul government also strongly urged the international community to strangle North Korea's 'financial resources.' The U.S., Japan, China, and other countries have issued unilateral sanctions to complement the UNSC measure. South Korea and the U.S. conducted their annual joint military drill (Resolve-Foal Eagle) in the largest-ever scale. North Korea, however, responded with demonstration of its nuclear capabilities and announcement of de facto 'nuclear-first' politics. North Korea test-fired a variety of delivery vehicles, threatened nuclear strikes against South Korea and the U.S., and declared itself as an 'invincible nuclear power armed with hydrogen bombs' at the 7th Workers 'Party Congress held in May, 2016. Considering the circumstantial evidences, the North's 4th nuclear test may have been a successful boosted fission bomb test. North Korea, and, if allowed to go on with its nuclear programs, will become a nuclear power armed with more than 50 nuclear weapons including hydrogen bombs. The North is already conducting nuclear blackmail strategy towards South Korea, and must be developing 'nuclear use' strategies. Accordingly, the most pressing challenge for the international community is to bring the North to 'real dialogue for denuclearization through powerful and consistent sanctions. Of course, China's cooperation is the key to success. In this situation, South Korea has urgent challenges on diplomacy and security fronts. A diplomatic challenge is how to lead China, which had shown dual attitudes between 'pressure and connivance' towards the North's nuclear matters pursuant to its military relations with the U.S, to participate in the sanctions consistently. A military one is how to offset the 'nuclear shadow effects' engendered by the North's nuclear blackmail and prevent its purposeful and non-purposeful use of nuclear weapons. Though South Korea's Ministry of Defense is currently spending a large portion of defense finance on preemption (kill-chain) and missile defense, they pose 'high cost and low efficiency' problems. For a 'low cost and high efficiency' of deterrence, South Korea needs to switch to a 'retaliation-centered' deterrence strategy. Though South Korea's response to the North's nuclear threat can theoretically be boiled down into dialogue, sanction and deterrence, now is the time to concentrate on strong sanction and determined deterrence since they are an inevitable mandatory course to destroy the North' nuclear-first delusion and bring it to a 'real denuclearization dialogue.'

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2002

Cells infected With equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) Produced both infectious and non-infectious Virus-related particles. Compared to the whole virion, non-infectious particles termed L-particles were deter-mined to lack 150 kDa protein, commonly known as nucleocapsid protein. The potential of L-particles to induce immune responses was studied in mice and foals. Intranasal immunization with L-particles or whole virions induced poor IgG antibody responses in mice. Interestingly, despite the poor antibody response, the conferred immunity protected the host from challenge infections. This was indicated by a significant reduction in virus titers in line with recovery towards normal body weight. Subsequently, the test on the usefulness of L-particles as immunizing agents was extended to foals. Immunization of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) foals resulted in similar results. As determined by a complement-fixing-antibody test (CFT), foals seroconverted when they were immunized either with inactivated L-particles or whole virions via intramuscular (i.m.) injections. The presence of the antibody correlated with the degree of protection. Beyond day 1 post challenge infection (p.i.), there was no virus shedding in the nasal mucus of foals immunized with whole EHV-1 virions. Virus shedding was observed in foals Immunized with L-particles but limited to days 6 to 8 p.i. only. In contrast, extended vim shedding was observed in non-immunized foals and it was well beyond day 14 p.i. Viremia was not detected for more than four days except in non-immunized foals. Immunization in mice via intranasal (i.n.) conferred good protection. However, compared to the i.n. route, a greater degree of protection was obtained in foals following immunization via i.m. route. Despite variation in the degree of protection due to different routes of immunization in the two animal species, our results have established significant evidence that immunization with L-particles confers protection in the natural host. It is suggested that non-infectious L-particles should be used as immunizing agents for vaccination of horses against EHV-1 infection.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.569-573
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• 2003

To determine the antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts form 'Formosa' plum against 4 kinds of pathogenic bacteria, the fermosa were got at different growth stages and were extracted using methanol, respectively. The Formosa methanol extracts treated with 5.0 mg/disc showed the highest antimicrobial activity against 4 kinds of pathogenic bacteria and those of Formosa 1-4(immature fruit), which thin out 10∼25 days before foal harvest, showed higher antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative microorganisms than Formosa 5-6(mature fruit). Especially, the methanol extracts of Formosa 1 and 2 were exhibited the strongest growth inhibiting activities to these bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of immature Fomosa methanol extracts was 320 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL against Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and 160 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL against Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The MIC of immature Formosa methanol extracts to Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes were 640 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. These results suggest that methanol extracs of immature formosa can be used as an effective natural antimicrobial agent in food.