• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 1995

The effects of bentonite (B) on rumen protozoal population and rumen fluid characteristics of sheep fed palm kernel cake (PKC) were studied for a period of 21 days. Two groups, each comprising two sheep were fed either PKC or PKC + B ad libitum A third group was left at pasture. Rumen fluid was sampled through a rumen cannula three times daily from all animals. Palm kernel cake contained 16% crude protein, 1 % crude fat and high amounts of copper, zinc, iron and manganese. Protozoal population in the rumen fluid decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after the onset of feeding PKC or PKC + B. However, sheep given bentonite supplementation at 2% of the dietary dry matter, maintained higher protozoal densities ($15{\times}10^4/ml$) when compared to animals fed only PKC ($8{\times}10^4/ml$). With both diets, the protozoa were mainly of the small entodinia species. Animals at pasture had higher protozoal population ($47{\times}10^4/ml$) with varying species of entodiniomorphids and holotrichs. Rumen fluid pH and ammonia concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in animals at pasture compared to animals fed PKC or PKC + B. Volatile fatty acid concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in animals fed PKC when compared to animals at pasture. There was a shift in fermentation pattern in animals fed PKC or PKC + B towards a lower acetate; and higher propionate, isovalerate and valerate. Studies in vitro also showed the positive effect of bentonite on protozoal numbers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1374-1382
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• 2001

Fifteen Inner Mongolian wethers with permanent ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to study the effects of dietary rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) to rumen-degradable protein (RDP) ratios or protein sources on fiber digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and ruminal fluid characteristics. Fiber digestion and ruminal fermentation were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary RUP to RDP ratios (from 1.54 to 0.72). Soybean meal supplementation improved ruminal digestion. Fish meal supplementation increased (p<0.05) the ruminal degradability of fiber. The different RUP to RDP ratios (from 1.54 to 0.72) did not influence (p>0.05) ruminal fluid pH, but there were differences (p<0.05) in ruminal fluid $NH_3-N$ concentration because of urea replacement. Soybean meal as a dietary protein source decreased (p<0.05) ruminal fluid pH and increased (p<0.05 or p<0.01) $NH_3-N$, acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations in the rumen. Fish meal as a dietary protein source decreased (p<0.05 or p<0.01) ruminal $NH_3-N$ and acetate concentrations and increased (p<0.05) ruminal propionate concentration. It can be concluded that dietary protein sources have more significant effect on fiber digestion and ruminal fermentation than different dietary RUP to RDP ratios, when the dietary crude protein requirements of growing sheep are satisfied.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1124-1134
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• 2017

Objective: This study explored the physico-chemical properties of late-incubation egg amniotic fluid and a potential in ovo feed (IOF) supplement. Methods: Amniotic fluid was collected from broiler breeders (Ross 308, 51 weeks and Cobb 500, 35 weeks) on day 17 after incubation. A mixture of high-quality soy protein supplement - Hamlet Protein AviStart (HPA) was serially diluted in MilliQ water to obtain solutions ranging from 150 to 9.375 mg/mL. The mixtures were heat-treated (0, 30, 60 minutes) in a waterbath ($80^{\circ}C$) and then centrifuged to obtain supernatants. The amniotic fluid and HPA supernatants were analysed for their physico-chemical properties. Results: Only viscosity and $K^+$ were significantly (p<0.05) different in both strains. Of all essential amino acids, leucine and lysine were in the highest concentration in both strains. The osmolality, viscosity and $pCO_2$ of the supernatants decreased (p<0.05) with decreasing HPA concentration. Heat treatment significantly (p<0.05) affected osmolality, pH, and $pCO_2$, of the supernatants. The interactions between HPA concentration and heat treatment were significant with regards to osmolality (p<0.01), pH (p<0.01), $pCO_2$ (p<0.05), glucose (p<0.05), lactate (p<0.01) and acid-base status (p<0.01) of HPA solutions. The $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, glucose, and lactate increased with increasing concentration of HPA solution. The protein content of HPA solutions decreased (p<0.05) with reduced HPA solution concentrations. The supernatant from 150 mg/mL HPA solution was richest in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine and lysine. Amino acids concentrations were reduced (p<0.05) with each serial dilution but increased with longer heating. Conclusion: The values obtained in the primary solution (highest concentration) are close to the profiles of high-protein ingredients. This supplement, as a solution, hence, may be suitable for use as an IOF supplement and should be tested for this potential.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2021

In this study, the dyeing properties of supercritical fluid dyed nylon fabrics were investigated which use two types of dyes for dyeing nylon. For other dyeing conditions were referred to related literature, and dyeing was performed with different dyeing concentrations. Dyeability was confirmed through measurement of washing fastness and color coordinate, and a calibration curve of each dye was drawn up and the absorbance of the residual dye was measured to confirm the amount of residual dye and the dye exhaustion rate at the corresponding concentration. As a result of color difference measurement, the color intensity increased as the concentration increased, but the increase was insignificant at high concentration. This tendency was more obvious in C.I. Disperse Orange 155 than in C.I. Disperse Yellow 42. The dye absorption rate also decreases as the concentration increases, but at 0.85% o.w.f concentration, C.I. Disperse Yellow 42 was 97.29% and C.I. Disperse Orange 155 was 93.77%. For both dyes, the wash fastness dropped by 0.5 to 1 class from the sample that was dyed at a concentration of 0.5% o.w.f in the wash fastness test.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

Biological activities such as anti-oxidative and anti-microbial of the Seungmakalgeuntang, a traditional prescription, were evaluated. The electron donating ability of water, ethanol, supercritical fluid and 1,3-butylene glycol extract of Seungmakalgeuntang showed more than 50% at a 100 ppm concentration. At a 1000 ppm concentration, the superoxide dismutase-like activities of ethanol and supercritical fluid extract of Seungmakalgeuntang showed less than 50%. xanthine oxidase inhibition effect of the supercritical fluid extract showed more than 70% at a 1,000 ppm concentration, which was higher than vitamin C. From the measurement on lipid oxidation, the $Fe^{2+}$ chelating abilities of the supercritical fluid extract of Seungmakalgeuntang was more than 60% at a 100 ppm concentration. Also the $Cu^{2+}$ chelating abilities of supercritical fluid extract Seungmkalgeuntang was showed more than 60% at a 500 ppm concentration. Clear zones formed by sample against the human skin-resident microflora such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acne of ethanol and supercritical fluid extract of Seungmakalgeuntang showed the highest among all the extracts tested using a 4mg/disc. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against both S. epidermidis and S. aureus showed 2,500 ppm in the extract of the supercritical fluid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2004

The presence of cutting fluid for cutting tool and workpiece leads a temperature decrease, and reduces tool wear and residual stress. Moreover, it disposes chips from cutting area, and reduces thermal distortion. However, in manufacturing, cutting fluid used in cutting process is undesirable for both human and environmental aspect. Also, it's not economic for cutting cost. This paper studied experimentally the effects of cutting parameters on the characteristics of mist generation in turning. The results of experiment are as follows: 1) The more severe cutting conditions the more mist generate, 2) The ratio of weight concentrations of cutting fluid nearly have no an effect on the amounts of mist generation 3) The size of SMD is not affected by cutting parameters.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 2017

Concentrations of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate were measured by performing radioimmunoassay of the cerebrospinal fluid of 68 dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy or inflammatory, degenerative, or non-neurological disease. No steroid concentration differences were found among diagnoses. Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate concentrations were higher in males than in females and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate decreased with increasing age. No sex or age effects were observed on cortisol or hormone ratios. Although limited to a relatively small sample, our results show sex- and age-dependent variations in these neurosteroid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. The role of such variations in the pathophysiology of the dog brain warrants further investigation.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.597-603
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• 2016

In this paper a comparative thermodynamics analysis is carried out for organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and ammonia-water Rankine cycle (AWRC) utilizing low-grade heat sources. Effects of the working fluid, ammonia concentration, and turbine inlet pressure are systematically investigated on the system performance such as mass flow rate, pressure ratio, turbine-exit volume flow, and net power production as well as the thermal efficiency. Results show that ORC with a proper working fluid shows higher thermal efficiency than AWRC, however, AWRC shows lower mass flow rate of working fluid and lower pressure ratio of expander than ORC.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.245-275
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• 2017

The present investigation deals, Dufour and heat source effects on radiative MHD slip flow of a viscous fluid in a parallel porous plate channel in presence of chemical reaction. The non-linear coupled partial differential equations are solved by using two term perturbation technique subject to physically appropriate boundary conditions. The numerical values of the fluid velocity, temperature and concentration are displayed graphically whereas those of shear stress, rate of heat transfer and rate of mass transfer at the plate are presented in tabular form for various values of pertinent flow parameters. By increasing the slip parameter at the cold wall the velocity increases whereas the effect is totally reversed in the case of shear stress at the cold wall. It is observed that the effect of Dufour and heat source parameters decreases the velocity and temperature profiles.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 2019

Shear thickening is an intriguing phenomenon in the fields of chemical engineering and rheology because it originates from complex situations with experimental and numerical measurements. This paper presents results from the numerical modeling of the particle-fluid dynamics of a two-dimensional mixture of colloidal particles immersed in a fluid. Our results reveal the characteristic particle behavior with an application of a shear force to the upper part of the fluid domain. By combining the lattice Boltzmann and discrete element methods with the calculation of the lubrication forces when particles approach or recede from each other, this study aims to reveal the behavior of the suspension, specifically shear thickening. The results show that the calculated suspension viscosity is in good agreement with the experimental results. Results describing the particle deviation, diffusivity, concentration, and contact numbers are also demonstrated.