• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2006

A lot of parts in FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurization) systems of fossil-fuel power plants show the environments in which are highly changeable and extremely acidic corrosive medium according to time and locations, e.g. in duct works, coolers and re-heaters etc.. These conditions are formed when system materials are immersed in fluid that flows on them or when exhausted gas is condensed into thin layered medium to contact materials of the system walls and roofs. The environments make troublesome corrosion and air pollution problems that are occurred from the leakage of the condensed solution. The frequent shut-down and repairing works of FGD systems also demand costs and low efficiencies of those facilities. In general, high corrosion resistant materials have been used to solve this problem. However, even the super alloys and Teflon linings sometimes have not been good enough to preventing corrosion. Further more, they are expensive and not easily repairable in short periods of operation stops. In this work, new technology that is effective, economical and easily repairable has proposed to solve the corrosion problems in FGD facilities. This technology contains cathodic protection, coatings and remote monitoring-controlling systems.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.788-795
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• 2006

From the view of the environmental protection against the use of fossil fuels, the great of efforts have been exerted to find an effective method which is not only pollutant reduction but also high thermal efficiency. Reburning is a useful technology in reducing nitric oxide through injection of a secondary hydrocarbon fuel. In this paper, an experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the hybrid effects of reburning and selective non-catalytic reaction (SNCR) on $NO_x/CO$ reduction from oxygen-enriched LPG flame. Experiments were performed in flames stabilized by a co-flow swirl burner, which was mounted at the bottom of the furnace. Tests were conducted using LPG gas as main fuel and also as reburn fuel. The paper reported data on flue gas emissions, temperature distribution in furnace and various heat fluxes at the wall for a wide range of experimental conditions. Overall temperature in the furnace, heat fluxes to the wall and $NO_x$ generation were observed to increase by oxygen-enriched combustion, but due to its hybrid effects of reburning and SNCR, $NOx/CO$ concentration in the downstream has considerably decreased.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.216-223
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• 2008

Reburning is a useful technology in reducing nitric oxide through injection of a secondary hydrocarbon fuel. In this paper, an experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of fuel lean reburning on $NO_X/CO$ reduction in LPG flame. Experiments were performed in flames stabilized by a co-flow swirl burner, which was mounted at the bottom of the furnace. Tests were conducted using LPG gas as the reburn fuel as well as the main fuel. The effects of reburn fuel fraction and injection location of the reburn fuel were studied when the fuel lean reburning system was applied. The paper reports data on flue gas emissions and temperature distribution in the furnace for a wide range of experimental conditions. At steady state, temperature distribution and emission formation in the furnace have been measured and compared. This paper makes clear that in order to decrease both NOx and CO concentrations in the exhaust when the fuel lean reburning system was adapted, it is important that the control of some factors such as initial equivalence ratio, reburn fuel fraction and temperature of reburn fuel injection region. Also it shows the fuel lean reburning is also effective method to reduce NOx as much as reburning.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.52-58
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• 2019

Marine emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) have received much attention because the International Maritime Organization (IMO) requires the installation of vapour emission control systems for the loading of crude oils or petroleum products onto ships. It was recently recognised that significant corrosion occurs inside these vapour emission control systems, which can cause severe clogging issues. In this study, we analysed the chemical composition of drain water sampled from currently operating systems to investigate the primary causes of corrosion in vapour recovery systems. Immersion and electrochemical tests were conducted under simulated conditions with various real drain water samples, and the impact of corrosion on the marine vapour recovery system was carefully investigated. Moreover, corrosion tests on alternative materials were conducted to begin identifying appropriate substitutes. Thermodynamic calculations showed the effects of environmental factors on the production of condensed sulphuric acid from VOC gas. A model of sulphuric acid formation and accumulation by the characteristics of VOC from crude oil and flue gas is suggested.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.245-255
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• 2019

가압순산소 연소는 발전 공정의 온실가스 포집 기술의 하나로서, $CO_2$의 압축 전 단계에 FGC (Flue gas condensor)를 통해 배가스 내 수분의 잠열을 회수하여 효율을 높일 수 있다. 또한 FGC는 가스의 용해도를 이용하여 $SO_x$ 및 $NO_x$를 동시에 효과적으로 제거할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 이 연구에서는 FGC의 방식 중 하나로서 직접 접촉식 응축기를 고안하여 $SO_x$ 및 $NO_x$의 저감율을 평가하였다. 특히 가스가 물에 직접 통과할 때 용해를 통한 저감효율을 측정하기 위해 단독가스와 혼합가스로 분리하여 상압에서 10 bar까지의 압력조건을 변수로 실험을 진행하였다. 단독 가스 실험결과 $NO_x$는 상압에서 저감율이 약 20%, 10 bar 압력조건에서 약 76%로 크게 증가하였다. 또한 $SO_2$는 높은 용해도로 전량이 용해하여 초기 저감율에 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 압력이 증가할수록 최고 저감율이 유지되는 시간이 증가하였다. 동시저감 실험 결과 상압에서 $NO_x$의 저감율은 13%이나, 압력이 상승할수록 헨리법칙에 의한 용해도 증가에 따라 20 bar에서 56%로 증가하였다. $SO_2$는 초기에 다량 용해된 후 다시 배출 농도가 증가하는 폭이 상압에서는 1,219 ppm, 20 bar에서는 165 ppm으로 감소하였다. 결론적으로 $NO_x$ 및 $SO_x$ 모두 압력이 높아질수록 저감율이 증가하였으나, 단독가스 실험과 비교하면 저감율이 감소함을 확인하였다. 이는 혼합가스 투입으로 인해 반응기 내부에 채운 물의 산성화가 빠르게 이루어졌기 때문이다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.552-559
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• 2008

접선 연소식 미분탄 보일러의 연소특성 분석을 위한 3차원 전산해석 연구를 수행하였다. 해석 결과의 건전성 검증을 위하여 보일러 출구, 즉 절탄기 후단에서의 가스 온도, O$_2$, NO, CO 농도를 발전소의 실제 측정 결과와 비교하였다. 실제 발전소의 운전조건을 기준으로 보일러내의 가스온도, 속도 분포를 해석하였으며 주요 가스농도인 O$_2$, CO, CO$_2$, NO의 분포와 char 입자 궤적을 구하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 최종과열기 전단에서의 가스 온도가 불균일하게 분포함을 알 수 있었으며, 이는 보일러 상부 연소로에서의 잔류 선회유동의 결과인 것으로 파악되었다. 불균일한 가스온도 분포에 대한 해석결과는 접선연소식 미분탄 보일러에서 자주 발생하는 튜브 파손을 방지하는데 있어 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.415-422
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of operating and design conditions of gas dispersion type of absorber on $SO_2$ removal efficiency. pH difference between upper and lower part of gas dispersing plate of absorber was 0.2, which was relatively low. This was supposed that recirculation capacity of absorbing liquid between froth zone and reaction zone of absorber be increased by oxidation air injection through liquid riser which acted as liquid pump. Test results showed that $SO_2$ removal efficiency was more sensitive than absorber ${\Delta}P$. High $SO_2$ removal even at lower pH resulted from very low concentration of $HSO_3^-$ ion in absorbing liquid because of direct supply of dissolved oxygen into froth zone. 96% of $SO_2$ removal efficiency was obtained under the condition of absorber pH 5.2, flue gas flow rate of $1,530\;Nm^3/hr$, inlet $SO_2$ concentration of 800 ppm, absorber ${\Delta}P$ of 250mmAq. The following equation by a multiple linear regression was obtained to describe the relationship between $SO_2$ removal and operating variables. $$f=1-{\exp}(-1.3939+1.060pH+0.0139{\Delta}P-0.00267G-0.000064SO_2Conc.),\;R^2=0.9719$$

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2020

Wet Scrubber reacts the incoming pollutant gas with cleaning water (water + absorbent) to absorb pollutants and release the clean air to the atmosphere. Wet scrubbers and packed tower scrubbers using this principle are widely used in businesses that emit acid gases. In particular, in the etching process using hydrochloric acid (HCl), alkaline washing water (NaOH) having a pH of about 8 to 11 is used to absorb a large amount of acid gas. However, These salts are attached to the injection nozzle (nozzle), filling material (packing), and the demister (Demister), causing air pollution, human damage, and inoperability due to clogging and acid gas discharge. Therefore, In this study, an improvement plan was proposed to manage the washing water with pH 3~4 acidic washing water. The test method takes samples from the Wet Scrubber flue measurement laboratory twice a month for 1 year. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) concentration (ppm) was measured, and nozzle clogging and scale conditions were measured, compared, and analyzed through a differential pressure gauge and a pressure gauge. As a result of the check, it was visually confirmed that the scale was reduced to 50% or less in the spray nozzle, filler, and demister. In addition, the emission limit of hydrogen chloride in accordance with the Enforcement Regulation of the Air Quality Conservation Act [Annex 8] met 3 ppm or less. Therefore, even if the washing water is operated in an acidic pH range of 3 to 4, it is expected to reduce air pollution and human damage due to clogging of internal parts, and it is expected to reduce maintenance costs such as regular cleaning or replacement of parts.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.239-251
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 온실가스 배출을 감축하기 위해 메탄올을 추진 연료로 사용하는 선박에 수소 연료전지 시스템이 추가된 하이브리드 시스템 공정을 설계하였다. Case1에서는 메탄올 연료 엔진 시스템을 설계하여, 엔진에 가솔린 대신 메탄올을 연료로 공급했을 때의 배기가스 배출량을 알아보았다. Case2에서는 Case1에 메탄올 개질 시스템을 추가해, 수소연료전지 시스템을 설계하였다. 이 하이브리드 시스템에서는 그레이 수소를 생산하며, 엔진과 연료전지의 출력을 조합하여 선박을 구동한다. 하지만 그레이 수소는 수소를 생산하는 과정에서 탄소를 배출한다는 단점이 있다. 이 점을 보안하기 위해 Case3에서는 CCU시스템을 추가하였다. Case2에서 배출한 Flue gas의 이산화탄소를 포집한 후, 그레이 수소와 합성해 블루 메탄올을 생산하였다. 본 연구에서는 Case study를 통해 개질 온도220℃, 개질 압력500kPa, SCR은 1.0, flow ratio가 0.7일 때 최적의 운전조건임을 알 수 있었다. Case3의 시스템은 Case1에 비해 탄소 배출량을 42% 감소시켰다. 결과적으로, Case3의 하이브리드 시스템을 통해 선박의 이산화탄소 배출을 유의미하게 저감할 수 있을 것으로 예상한다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.501-512
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• 2016

The study evaluated methods to measure condensable fine particles in flue gases and measured particulate matter by fuel and material to get precise concentrations and quantities. As a result of the method evaluation, it is required to improve test methods for measuring Condensable Particulate Matter (CPM) emitted after the conventional Filterable Particulate Matter (FPM) measurement process. Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) based on the evaluated analysis process showed that RSD percentages of FPM and CPM were around 27.0~139.5%. As errors in the process of CPM measurement and analysis can be caused while separating and dehydrating organic and inorganic materials from condensed liquid samples, transporting samples, and titrating ammonium hydroxide in the sample, it is required to comply with the exact test procedures. As for characteristics of FPM and CPM concentrations, CPM had about 1.6~63 times higher concentrations than FPM, and CPM caused huge increase in PM mass concentrations. Also, emission concentrations and quantities varied according to the characteristics of each fuel, the size of emitting facilities, operational conditions of emitters, etc. PM in the flue gases mostly consisted of CPM (61~99%), and the result of organic/inorganic component analysis revealed that organic dusts accounted for 30~88%. High-efficiency prevention facilities also had high concentrations of CPM due to large amounts of $NO_x$, and the more fuels, the more inorganic dusts. As a result of comparison between emission coefficients by fuel and the EPA AP-42, FPM had lower result values compared to that in the US materials, and CPM had higher values than FPM. For the emission coefficients of the total PM (FPM+CPM) by industry, that of thermal power stations (bituminous coal) was 71.64 g/ton, and cement manufacturing facility (blended fuels) 18.90 g/ton. In order to estimate emission quantities and coefficients proper to the circumstances of air pollutant-emitting facilities in Korea, measurement data need to be calculated in stages by facility condition according to the CPM measurement method in the study. About 80% of PM in flue gases are CPM, and a half of which are organic dusts that are mostly unknown yet. For effective management and control of PM in flue gases, it is necessary to identify the current conditions through quantitative and qualitative analysis of harmful organic substances, and have more interest in and conduct studies on unknown materials' measurements and behaviors.