• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1627-1633
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• 2012

This study was to evaluate the feasibility of recycling the solids separated from swine wastewater treatment process as a fuel source for heat production and to provide a data set on the gas emissions and combustion properties. Also, in this study, the heavy metals in ash content were analyzed for its possible use as a fertilizer. Proximate analysis of the solid recovered from the swine wastewater after flocculation with organic polymer showed high calorific (5,330.50 kcal/kg) and low moisture (15.38%) content, indicating that the solid separated from swine wastewater can be used as an alternative fuel source. CO and NOx emissions were found to increase with increasing temperature. Combustion efficiency of the solids was found to be stable (95 to 98%) with varied temperatures. Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed five thermal effects (four exothermic and one endothermic), and these effects were distinguished in three stages, water evaporation, heterogeneous combustion of hydrocarbons and decomposition reaction. Based on the calorific value and combustion stability results, solid separated from swine manure can be used as an alternative source of fuel, however further research is still warranted regarding regulation of CO and NOx emissions. Furthermore, the heavy metal content in ash was below the legal limits required for its usage as fertilizer.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.367-374
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• 2012

A flotation process has a shorter processing time and needs less space than a sedimentation process. Dissolved air flotation process (DAF) is an efficient flotation method and used in a conventional wastewater treatment process. However, DAF requires the circulation of water containing compressed air and requires expensive installation and operation cost. Plasma Air Flotation (PAF) process is able to float flocs by micro bubbles generated from underwater plasma without the circulation of bubbly water and additional saturators. Therefore, PAF can be an alternative solution overcoming economic barriers. In this study, Humic acid removal efficiency by PAF process was compared with that of sedimentation process. 44.67% and 87.3% reduction rate based on UV 254 absorbance has been measured in sedimentation and PAF respectively. In particular, PAF in the flocculation zone can dramatically remove humic acid from water. In flocculation zone, PAF can separate organic matters but sedimentation cannot.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.48-52
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• 2007

A new procedure for the concentration of nonoviruses from water samples has been developed. This procedure (calcium flocculation-citrate dissolution method) uses the following steps: virus flocculation formed by treatment with 1 M $CaCl_2$ and 1 M $Na_2HPO_4$, virus release by sodium citrate dissolution (0.3 M Na citrate, pH 3.5), and virus re-concentration by ultrafiltration. When reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed after the procedure, the overall detection sensitivity for seeded noroviruses in a one liter drinking water sample was as low as 1 RT-PCR unit, which is equal to a $10^{-6}$ dilution of the virus sample. This approach showed at least a 5-fold-higher sensitivity than the current method with its three steps of adsorption-elution-concentration. The newly developed procedure was used to test different brands of bottled drinking water from China for putative contamination with noroviruses. A total of 144 samples were analyzed; all of the samples were negative for norovirus specific nucleic acids.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.362-367
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• 2005

On the basis of high osmotic tolerance and xylitol production, a novel yeast strain was screened from soils of rice farming. The isolated strain HY200 was systematically characterized by using general approaches of Biolog Microlog$^{TM}$ and 18S rRNA sequence analyses, and consequently was designated as Candida tropicalis HY200. Under formulated culture conditions, relatively high xylitol yield ($77\%$) and productivity (2.57 g/l$\codt$h) were obtained, in practice, when 200 g/l of xylose was supplemented. In the utilization of nitrogen, inorganic compounds could not serve as nitrogen sources. As a promising phenotype, HY200 steadily flocculated during and/or after growing in the formulated medium. The extent of flocculation was partly affected by nitrogen sources. However, regardless of the kinds of carbon source fed, the flocculent cells were always observed at the end of the exponential growth phase. These observations strongly suggest that the strain HY200 could effectively be used as a potential candidate for the production of xylitol from xylose, especially in repeated batch mode, because of its flocculation ability and tolerance to high substrate concentrations.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.376-380
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• 2018

Microalgae produce not only lipids for biodiesel production but also valuable biochemicals which are often accumulated under cellular stress mediated by certain chemicals. While the microcarriers for the application of drug delivery systems for animal cells are widely studied, their applications into microalgal research or biorefinery are rarely investigated. Here we develope dual-functional magnetic microcapsules which work not only as flocculants for microalgal harvesting but also potentially as microcarriers for the controlled release of target chemicals stimulating microalgae to enhance the accumulation of valuable chemicals. Magnetic microcapsules are synthesized by layer-by-layer(LbL) coating of PSS-PDDA on $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticle-embedded $CaCO_3$ microparticles followed by removing $CaCO_3$ sacrificial templates. The positively charged magnetic microcapsules flocculate microalgae by electrostatic interaction which are sequentially collected by the magnetophoretic separation. The microcapsules with a polycationic outer layer provide efficient binding sites for negatively charged microalgae and by that means are further utilized as a chemical-delivery and flocculation system for microalgal research and biorefineries.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.519-527
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• 2003

Cake layer in crossflow microfiltration(CFMF) can be reduced by coagulation, enhancing membrane flux. This is because enlarging particle size by coagulation increases shear-induced diffusivity and the back-transport of rejected particles. However it is known that the enlarged particles are disaggregated by the shear force of the pump while passing through it. This study is to look at the disaggregation in relation with cake layer reducation. Kaolin and polysulfon hollow fiber microfilter are used for experiment. The reduction of cake resistance by coagulation is observed in a range of 17% to 53% at the various coagulation conditions. The particle size analysis results of the experiments show that aggregated particles in feed are completely disaggregated by pump but re-aggregation of particles occurs in membrane. This suggestes that the re-aggregation of particles is critical to cake reduction and flux enhancement, since the aggregated particles are completely broken. The mechanisms for re-aggregation in membrane are the same with those for coagulation in feed tank. Charge neutralization is better for CCFMF than sweep flocculation although it has two drawbacks in operation.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2010

Chemical coagulation destabilizes colloidal particles so that particles grow to larger flocs. Solid particles are then removed by solid-liquid separation after typical precipitation. Rapid precipitation enhances the separation by reducing the precipitation time with larger and denser particles. Conventionally, polyelectolyte compounds (polymers) function as a flocculant aid by introducing a interparticle binding, which increases the particle size and density. And more recent ballasted flocculation adds a ballasting agent (microsand) to form denser particles with its high-density(sp gr=2.65). The current research was to evaluate the manner in which ballasted flocs are formed under different injection timings of microsand and to recognize the effects on floc formation. $FeCl_3$ as a coagulant, anionic polymer for a flocculation aid and microsand were used for the floc formation. Floc size (diameter) was widely ranged with the highest mean value when microsand was injected between $FeCl_3$ and polymer. Mean floc density was larger when the floc formed smaller. Settling velocity increased with larger floc size, whilst not significantly affected by the timing of microsand injection. The additional slow mixing on floc formation increased floc size to some extent.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.549-558
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• 2004

TTo comply with increasingly strict regulations for protection against radiation exposure, many nuclear power plants have been working ceaselessly to reduce and control both the radiation sources within power plants and the radiation exposure experienced by operational and maintenance personnel. Many research studies have shown that deposits of irradiated corrosion products on the surfaces of coolant systems are the main cause of occupational radiation exposure in nuclear power plant. These corrosion product deposits on the fuel-clad surface are also known to be main factors in the onset of axial offset anomaly (AOA). Hence, there is a great deal of ongoing research on water chermistry and corrosion processes. In this study, a magnetic filter with permanent magnets was devised to remove the corrosion products in the coolant stream by taking advantage of the magnetic properties of the corrosion products demonstrated a removal efficiency of over 90% for particles above 5${\mu}m$. This finding led to the construction of an electromagnetic device that causes the metallic particulates to flocculate into larger aggregates of about 5${\mu}m$ in diameter by using a novel application of electromagnetic flocculation on radioactive corrosion products.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.355-363
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• 2023

This study used a batch DAF (dissolved air flotation) jar tester to evaluate the algae removal efficiency of alum and PAC coagulants during coagulation, flocculation, and flotation. Optimal coagulant dosages were 0.06 ~ 0.15 mL/L (12.0 ~ 26.0 mg Al/L,17%), 0.08 ~ 0.20 mL/L (10.0 ~ 24.0 mg Al/L, 12%), 0.25 ~ 0.30 mL/L (25.0 ~ 30.0 mg Al/L, 10%) for PAC, and 3.0 ~ 5.0 mL/L (81.0 ~ 135.0 mg Al/L, 2.7%) for alum. Turbidity of treated water was 1.0 ~ 2.0 NTU in optimal coagulation, flocculation, and flotation conditions for the four coagulants types. The amount of coagulant injected tended to decrease with increasing Al content in the coagulant, as follows : 17% PAC < 12% PAC < 10% PAC < 2.7% alum. Turbidity removal efficiencies were in the order of 12% PAC (93.6%) > 10% PAC (92.7%) > 17% PAC (91.3%) > 2.7% Alum (88.1%).

• 공업화학
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.241-250
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• 2009

지난 수 년간 본 연구팀은 새로운 티탄염 응집제를 이용하여 폐수를 응집한 후 생산된 슬러지에서 산화티탄을 생산하는 연구를 진행하였다. 티탄염의 응집 효율은 일반적으로 많이 사용되는 철염과 알루미늄염 응집제와 비슷하였으며 슬러지를 소성하여 제조한 산화티탄은 상용 산화티탄보다 더 넓은 표면적과 높은 광촉매 활성을 나타내었다. 산화티탄의 광촉매 활성 향상과 pH를 높이기 위해 응집보조제로서 철, 알루미늄, 칼슘을 사용하여 광촉매 활성이 높은 Fe, Al, Ca 도핑 산화티탄을 제조하였다. 이 기술의 실제 적용 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 염색폐수 파일럿 장치에 적용한 결과, 우수한 유기물 제거 능력과 빠른 응집체 형성이 확인되었다. 염색폐수 슬러지에서 제조한 산화티탄은 높은 유기물 제거 광촉매 활성과 물 광분해에 의해 수소를 생성하였다. 티탄염 응집제와 슬러지에서 제조한 산화티탄의 독성을 D. magna로 조사한 결과, 낮은 독성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 총설은 미래의 슬러지 재활용 기술로 높은 적용 가능성을 가지는 티탄염으로 제조한 산화티탄의 특성을 체계적으로 정리하였다.