• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.22-31
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• 2019

The flammable liquid conductivity is an important factor in determining the generation of electrostatic in fire and explosion hazardous areas, so it is necessary to study the physical properties of flammable liquids. In particular, the relevant liquid conductivity in the process of handling flammable liquids in relation to the risk assessment and risk control in fire and explosion hazard areas, such as chemical plants, is classified as a main evaluation item according to the IEC standard, and it is necessary to have flammable liquid conductivity measuring devices and related data are required depending on the handling conditions of the material, such as temperature and mixing ratio for preventing the fire and explosion related to electrostatic. In addition, IEC 60079-32-2 [Explosive Atmospheres-Part 32-2 (Electrostatic hazards-Tests)] refers to the measuring device standard and the conductivity of a single substance. It was concluded that there is no measurement data according to the handling conditions such as mixing ratio of flammable liquid and temperature together with the use and measurement examples. We have developed the measurement reliability by improving the structure, material and measurement method of measuring device by referring to the IEC standard. We have developed a measurement device that is developed and manufactured by itself. The test results of flammable liquid conductivity measurement and the data of the NFPA 77 (Recommended Practice on Static Electricity) Annex B Table B.2 Static Electric Characteristic of Liquids were compared and verified by conducting the conductivity measurement of the flammable liquid handled in the fire and explosion hazardous place by using Measuring / Data Acquisition / Processing / PC Communication. It will contribute to the prevention of static electricity related disaster by taking preliminary measures for fire and explosion prevention by providing technical guidance for static electricity risk assessment and risk control through flammable liquid conductivity measurement experiment. In addition, based on the experimental results, it is possible to create a big data base by constructing electrostatic physical characteristic data of flammable liquids by process and material. Also, it is analyzed that it will contribute to the foundation composition for adding the specific information of conductivity of flammable liquid to the physical and chemical characteristics of MSDS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.19 no.4 s.68
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• pp.60-68
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• 2004

Consequence analysis of flammable materials that affect to a risk of facilities was studied at the risk based inspection using API-581. We found that consequence areas (damage area of equipment and fatality area) by release accident of flammable materials showed high value for the case of liquid phase and auto-ignition likely, and that consequence areas of flammable gases decreased as temperature increased and the pipe diameter and pressure decreased at continuous release.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.84-90
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• 2007

The UN recommends to the member of OECD to implement the GHS (Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals) that harmonized the flammable materials for classification, labelling, production, transport, storage, handling, usage and discard. There are no significant differences between UN and GHS because GHS is based on physico-chemical hazard and acute toxity of classification and labelling of UN regulation for the classification and transportation of flammable materials. In this paper it was analyzed that the classification, labelling and test method of flammable materials for GHS and the national law of safety management of flammable materials.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.7-11
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to recognize the necessity for the management of the available materials in cases of arsons and to prevent arson gaining an understanding of the combustion characteristics of the flammable materials and combustion accelerants in arson cases. We investigated and analyzed the statistical data on arsons and selected flammable materials (wood, paper, synthetic textiles, synthetic resins), and combustion accelerants (gasoline, diesel, solvent) that are frequently used in cases of arson. We conducted a thermogravimetric analysis to assess the thermal properties of the flammable materials. Also, we conducted burning and flame spread rate tests for the purpose of comparing and analyzing the combustion characteristics of the flammable materials and combustion accelerants.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.522-529
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• 2004

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of flammable refrigerants of propylene, propane, isobutane, butane, DME, and HFC32 were measured on a horizontal plain tube, 26 fpi low fin tube, and Turbo-C tube. All data were taken at the temperature of 39$^{\circ}C$ with a wall subcooling of 3∼8$^{\circ}C$. Test results showed a typical trend that condensation HTCs of flammable refrigerants decrease with increasing wall subcooling. HFC32 had the highest HTCs among the tested refrigerants showing 44% higher HTCs than those of HCFC22 while DME showed 28% higher HTCs than those of HCFC22. HTCs of propylene and butane were similar to those of HCFC22 while those of propane and isobutane were similar to those of HFC134a. Based upon the tested data, Nusselt's equation is modified to predict the plain tube data within a deviation of 3%. For 26 fpi low fin tube, Beatty and Katz equation predicted the data within a deviation of 7.3% for all flammable refrigerants tested. The heat transfer enhancement factors for the 26 fpi low fin and Turbo-C tubes were 4.6∼5.7 and 4.7∼6.9 respectively for the refrigerants tested indicating that the performance of Turbo-C tube is the best among the tubes tested.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1957-1963
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• 2005

In this study, external condensation heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of six flammable refrigerants of propylene (RI270), propane (R290), isobutane (R600a), butane (R600), dimethylether (RE170), and HFC32 were measured at the vapor temperature of $39^{\circ}C$ on a 1023 fpm low fin and Turbo-C tubes. All data were taken under the heat flux of $32\~116\;and\;42\~142kW/m^2$ for the low fin and Turbo-C tubes respectively. Flammable refrigerants' data obtained on enhanced tubes showed a typical trend that external condensation HTCs decrease with increasing wall subcooling. HFC32 and DME showed up to $30\%$ higher HTCs than those of HCFC22 due to their excellent thermophysical properties. Propylene, propane, isobutane, and butane showed similar or lower HTCs than those of HCFC22. Beatty and Katz' correlation predicted the HTCs of the flammable refrigerants obtained on a low fin tube within a mean deviation of $7.3\%$. Turbo-C tube showed the best performance due to its 3 dimensional surface geometry for fast removal of condensate.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

In this study, formaldehyde and benzene were selected as the arbitrary chemicals in accidental leakage to environment, and their physicochemical and biological characteristics and toxicity were studied. Also, the fate of these chemicals in soil and groundwater was studied based on the results of previous studies. They can be released into the atmosphere as gas or vapor phase, which then can be photochemically degraded. Since they have relatively high water solubility, they are likely to have high mobility in water and soil. Volatilization of these chemicals from soil is affected by the soil moisture content. Biodegradation of formaldehyde and benzene is one of the important pathways as well. Therefore, it is necessary to study the environmental impacts of leakage accidents of flammable chemicals such as formaldehyde and benzene. Further research on the fate of flammable chemicals in the environment is needed to take appropriate response actions to leakage accidents of flammable chemicals, and this will contribute to the development of practical guidelines to cope with leakage accidents.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.353-363
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• 2019

This paper presents a comprehensive simulation and assessment of gas dispersion above sea from a subsea release using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. A 3D CFD model is established to evaluate the behavior of flammable gas above sea, and a jack-up drilling platform is included to illustrate the effect of flammable gas cloud on surface vessels. The simulations include a matrix of scenarios for different surface release rates, distances between surface gas pool and offshore platform, and wind speeds. Based on the established model, the development process of flammable gas cloud above sea is predicted, and the dangerous area generated on offshore platform is assessed. Additionally, the effect of some critical factors on flammable gas dispersion behavior is analyzed. The simulations produce some useful outputs including the detailed parameters of flammable gas cloud and the dangerous area on offshore platform, which are expected to give an educational reference for conducting a prior risk assessment and contingency planning.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 2022

Appropriate explosion proof electrical equipment should be installed in hazardous areas. In areas where hydrogen is handled, explosion proof electrical equipment adjacent to the hydrogen handing facility must be reviewed for selection of gas group IIC (or IIB+H₂) equipment. When selecting explosion proof electrical equipment for the flammable substance handling facility in areas where hydrogen and flammable substance are handled, the method to avoid gas group IIC (or IIB+H₂) equipment has been suggested by using the operating pressure of the hydrogen handling facility. When the operating pressure of the outdoor hydrogen handling facility is 1.065 MPa or less, it has been confirmed that there is no need to install gas group IIC (or IIB+H₂) equipment for the flammable substance handling facility adjacent to the hydrogen handling facility. And the method of selecting explosion proof electrical equipment for the flammable substance handling facility has been suggested as a flowchart, so it will be able to be utilized when selecting appropriate explosion proof electrical equipment.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Investigation
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2004

Since the very first use of optical systems in the process industries there has been a tacit assumption that, because they are not electrical, they do not present an ignition risk when used in flammable atmospheres. This paper describes about an optical ignition mechanism from experimental work carnied out by Sira Safety Services Limited(UK) and whether there is sufficient of an ignition risk for precautions to be advisable when optical systems are used in flammable atmospheres.