• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.82-87
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• 2001

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with ensiled shrimp by-product (ESB) in a cassava root meal and rice bran-based diet on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs. Thirty six crossbred (Large White$\times$Mong Cai) pigs, with an average initial BW of 19.4 kg, were randomly allocated to one of three different dietary treatments in which the crude protein of the FM was replaced with 0, 50 or 100% ESB. The animals were fed restrictedly and at the end of the experiment at a BW of about 90 kg, 6 representative animals in each treatment group were slaughtered for carcass quality evaluation. Animal growth performance and daily feed intake were significantly reduced (p<0.05) by the inclusion of shrimp by-products in the diets, whereas feed conversion ratios and carcass measurements were not significantly affected (p>0.05). Daily weight gains of the pigs fed the 100% FM diet and 50% ESB diet were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of pigs fed the 100% ESB diet. In conclusion, from an economical as well as performance point of view, ESB can replace 50% of the crude protein of FM in cassava root meal and rice bran-based diets for growing pigs with a low genetic growth potential.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.1374-1382
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• 2001

Fifteen Inner Mongolian wethers with permanent ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to study the effects of dietary rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) to rumen-degradable protein (RDP) ratios or protein sources on fiber digestion in the gastrointestinal tract and ruminal fluid characteristics. Fiber digestion and ruminal fermentation were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary RUP to RDP ratios (from 1.54 to 0.72). Soybean meal supplementation improved ruminal digestion. Fish meal supplementation increased (p<0.05) the ruminal degradability of fiber. The different RUP to RDP ratios (from 1.54 to 0.72) did not influence (p>0.05) ruminal fluid pH, but there were differences (p<0.05) in ruminal fluid $NH_3-N$ concentration because of urea replacement. Soybean meal as a dietary protein source decreased (p<0.05) ruminal fluid pH and increased (p<0.05 or p<0.01) $NH_3-N$, acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations in the rumen. Fish meal as a dietary protein source decreased (p<0.05 or p<0.01) ruminal $NH_3-N$ and acetate concentrations and increased (p<0.05) ruminal propionate concentration. It can be concluded that dietary protein sources have more significant effect on fiber digestion and ruminal fermentation than different dietary RUP to RDP ratios, when the dietary crude protein requirements of growing sheep are satisfied.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.716-723
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• 2016

The aims of this study were to investigate usage status, menu preference, quality evaluation and satisfaction of home-delivered meal box for children from low-income families in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. A total of 320 children and their guardians who had received home-delivered meal boxes participated in 2015. A total of respondents (62.2%) were children and teenagers, and 37.8% were guardians. The 47.7% of children and 43.8% of guardians were using the home delivery service more than one year. Most of the children and guardians answered 'eat almost', 'eat all meals' served meal box, 75.3%, 81.8%, respectively. After receiving the meal box at home, 35.2% of children consumed meals within 1~2 hours, whereas 32.8% of the guardians were ate within 2~6 hours. It was founded that 'throw away leftovers' was the highest and followed 'give it others' in a way to treat leftovers. The results of preference survey on meats, seafood, showed that 'chicken nugget' (4.07) and 'stir-fried fish cake with vegetable' (3.63) were the highest points for children, whereas 'grilled LA beef ribs' (3.98) and 'stir-fried anchovies' (3.72) were the highest point for guardians. 'Seasoned leaves marinated in soy sauce' was the highest preference among vegetables and another dish for respondents. Frozen products were the most preferred types of meal boxes on the menu. In the quality evaluation of home-delivered meal box, although satisfaction with service and packaging of the meal box were high, the satisfaction of food quality was relatively low.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.114-127
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• 2003

In the process of devising an efficient meal service system for the elderly, 478 elderly were interviewed at 6 different social centers with the elderly meal service program in Seoul area to monitor degree of satisfaction and/or needs of the beneficiaries regarding the program. The survey was conducted during the month of December 2002 by well-trained interviewers using self-developed questionnaire. Results were analyzed statistically using SAS package program. Most of the beneficiaries were low economic class and 76% of them had doctor diagnosed disease(s). Among the beneficiaries of congregate meal service, mean score of 12 aspects of satisfaction was 3.72 out of 5. For most of the questions, female elderly and healthy elderly responded with higher score than male elderly and unhealthy elderly, respectively (p<0.05, p<0.01). On the other hand, beneficiaries of the home-delivered meal service were little bit less satisfied with the service (3.54 out of 5). Compared to the beneficiaries of congregate meal service, larger portion of beneficiaries of home-delivered meal service wanted more meats (28.5 % vs. 17.1 %) and vegetables (23.2 % vs. 12.3 %) as side dishes. On the other hand, the most preferred type of cooking and/or seasoning was stewing for both cases. Based on these findings, it is suggested that more fresh foods should be used than processed foods in the preparation of meals for the elderly and, more fish-, meat- and vegetable- dishes should be served to come up to the needs of the elderly. Onto this, mainly Korean style meals with some intermittent Western, Japanese or Chinese style meals served at the right temperature would suffice most of the elderly needs.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.336-343
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• 1996

Maximum amount of the aminopeptidase M inhibitors produced by Streptomyces griseoplanus SL20209 in 500 ml-Erlenmeyer flask was accumulated after cultivation for 3 days at 28$\circ$C, thereafter the amount of inhibitors decreased slowly with a pH change to alkaline. Arabinose, xylose, mannose and soluble starch were good carbon sources for the production of the inhibitors. On the other hand, glucose was only good for the cell growth but potently inhibited the production of inhibitors. Natural organic nitrogen sources such as soybean meal, fish meal, gluten meal and peanut powder were good for the production of inhibitors, however, soytone, peptone and inorganic nitrogens such as NH$_{4}$C1 and NH$_{4}$NO$_{3}$ were poor. Inclusion of yeast extract (0.5%, w/v) or K$_{2}$HPO$_{4}$ (0.05%) into the production medium increased the production of inhibitors by accelerating cell growth. The production of inhibitors was slightly increased on the medium containing CaCO$_{3}$ (0.3%) and zeolite (0.5%), respectively. Optimal temperature and initial pH range for the production ot inhibitors were determined to be 28$\circ$C and 6.0-7.0, respectively. Employing two improved production media consisting of 3% arabinose or soluble starch, 2.5% soybean meal, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.05% K$_{2}$HP0$_{4}$, 0.1% CaCO$_{3}$ and 0.3% zeolite (pH 6.8), 1.8-fold increase in the amount of inhibitors was achieved, comparing with the basal medium used.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.145-153
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine the protein requirement of ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). Two replicate groups of fish initially averaging 6.6 g were fed the five isocaloric diets containing different protein level from 29% to 57% in a flow-through freshwater system for 25 days. White fish meal was used as a sole protein source. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish increased significantly with dietary protein level up to 43% (P＜0.05) with no additional response above this level. Protein and lipid retention, moisture, protein and lipid contents of body were not affected by dietary protein levels (P>0.05). Daily protein intake increased significantly with dietary protein level, whereas protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the 57% dietary protein decreased (P<0.05). The data obtained in this study indicate that a 43% dietary protein level could be recommended for the optimum growth of ayu.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.521-526
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• 1993

Two percent of monocalcuim phosphate (MCP) was added to control diet consisted of fish meal (18%), soybean meal (36%) and wheat flour (37%) in order to examine the effects on phosphorus (P) discharge and growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Growth trial, during which digestibility measurements were made over 7 days, was conducted for 4 weeks using a recirculated rearing system with a settling column for feces collection. Fishes (initial body weight of about 200 g) were fed five times a day upto satiation with tank controlled at $24-26^{\circ}C$. Fishes fed the diet containing 2% MCP (MCP-2) showed about two-fold improvement on both growth rate and feed utilization, compared to those of fishes fed the control diet; weight gain (129 g vs 62 g), feed conversion ratio (1.20 vs 2.46), protein efficiency ratio (2.09 vs 1.07) and daily growth index (3.70 vs 1.93). However, feed intakes were maintained at the same level (150 g/fish) between the two treatments. Dry matter digestibilities of two diets were relatively low, which were 58 and 60% for respective control and MCP-2 diets due to low digestibility of total carbohydrates. However, the digestibilities of both dietary protein (85%) and lipid (90%) of diets were relatively high. While all the P fed were observed to be discharged from fish fed control diet, the discharge from fish fed the MCP-2 diet was decreased up to less than the half (34.9 g/kg wt. gain) of the control. These present results revealed that the supplementation of dietary P requirement by MCP can not only promote growth performances but also reduce the level of P loading to water which is the primary water pollution indicator.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1588-1594
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• 2012

An 8-wk experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with soy protein isolate (SPI) on the growth, digestive enzyme activity and serum biochemical parameters of juvenile Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). SPI was used to replace 0, 25, 50, 62.5, 75, 87.5, 100% of dietary FM and 100% replacement supplemented crystalline amino acid. Healthy sturgeon with an average initial weight of $26.38{\pm}0.24$ g were randomly assigned to 24 aquaria (8 treatments with triplicates each) at an initial stocking density of 11 fish per aquarium and cultured for 8 wks. The results showed that 75.00% or more substitution resulted in a poor weight gain rate, feed conversion ratio and survival rate compared to that of fish fed the control diet (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed between diets of 25.00% to 62.50% substitution. Protease, lipase and amylase activity in foregut, mid-gut and hindgut were significantly (p<0.05) decreased by diets where SPI replacement levels were 62.50% or more. Levels of serum total protein (TP) and globulin decreased significantly from 21.03, 10.34 to 14.05, 5.63 g/L with the increasing dietary SPI (p<0.05), but alkaline phosphatase activity significantly increased (p<0.05). In addition, supplemental crystalline amino acid in the FM absence diet did not improve growth performance, intestine digestive enzyme activities and serum biochemical parameters. In conclusion, the results from this study showed adverse effects of inclusion of SPI in diets on growth performance, feed utilization and serum biochemical parameters in juvenile Amur sturgeon. Based on WGR and replacement ratio presented in this report, a 57.64% replacement level was recommended.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.130-137
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• 1986

대두(大豆)대신에 어분(魚粉)을 이용(利用)하여 간장을 만들기 위하여 어분(魚粉)과 보리의 배합비(配合比)를 달리하여 코오지를 만들고 이것으로 간장을 담그어 효소역가(酵素力價) 및 화학성분(化學成分) 변화(變化)등을 분석(分析)하고 관능검사(官能檢査)를 하였다. 제국중(製麴中) 시간(時間)이 지남에 따라 수분함량(水分含量)은 전반적(全般的)으로 김서(減少)하였고, 환원당함량(還元糖含量)은 12시간(時間)까지 증가(增加) 하다가 그 후(後) 약간 감소(減少)하고 36시간(時間) 이후(以後)에는 별다른 변화가 없었다. 그리고 전질소(全窒素)의 함량(含量)은 모든 구(區)에서 계속 증가(增加)하였데 어분(魚粉)의 배합량(配合量)이 많을수록 함량(含量)이 높았다. 제국중(製麴中) 효소역가(酵素力價)의 변화(變化)는 amylase와 protease가 다같이 $36{\sim}48$시간(時間)까지 급격히 증가(增加)하였으나 그 이후(以後)에는 큰 변화(變化)가 없었는데 여러가지 시험구중(試驗區中) 어분(魚粉)과 보리의 배합비(配合比)가 10 : 16인 구(區)에서 후기(後期)의 효소역가(酵素力價)가 가장 높았다. 숙성중(熟成中) 환원당(還元糖)은 50일(日)경까지 증가(增加)하다가 그 이후(以後)에는 별 변화(變化)가 없었는데 amylase의 활성(活性)이 높은 구(區)에서 환원당(還元糖)의 함량(含量)도 높았다. 그리고 전질소(全窒素)와 아미노태(態) 질소(窒素)도 숙성중(熟成中) 계속 증가(增加)하였는데 protease의 활성(活性)이 큰 구(區)에서 이들의 함량(含量)이 다같이 높았고 총산(總酸)은 70일(日)경까지 증가(增加)하다가 이후(以後) 별 변화(變化)가 없었다. 숙성(熟成)된 간장을 가열(加熱)처리 했을 때 흡광도(吸光度)는 시간(時間)이 지남에 따라 직선적(直線的)으로 증가(增加)하였는데 그 증가율(增加率)은 보리의 배합비(配合比)가 큰 구(區) 일수록 비교적 높았다. 관능검사(官能檢査)에서 색(色)은 어분(魚粉)과 보리의 배합비(配合比)가 10 : 5인 구(區)가 가장 진하고 10 : 13, 10 : 16인 구(區) 순(順)으로 비교적 엷었으며 향기(香氣)는 10 : 10인 구(區)가 가장 우수하였고, 맛은 10 : 5인 구(區)가 가장 좋았으나 10 : 13, 10 : 16, 10 : 18 구(區)와 유의차(有意差)를 인정할 수 없었고 희석액의 경우는 10 : 16구(區)가 우수하였다. 이러한 결과(結果)로 보아 어분(魚粉)을 이용(利用)하여 비교적 질(質)이 좋은 간장을 만들 수 있었으며 코오지 제조시(製造時) 어분(魚粉)과 보리의 배합비(配合比)는 $10\;:\;13{\sim}16$이 적당(適當)하였다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2001

이 연구는 치어기 틸라피아에 있어서 어분(fish meal, FM) 대체 단백질원으로서 라이신 부산물(lysine cell mass, LCM)이 사료내 이용 가능성과 대체 수준을 결정하기 위해 수행하였다 실험사료는 조단백질 35%, 가용성 에너지 15.3 kJ/kg으로 설계되었고, 주 단백질원으로 어분, 대두박, 콘글루텐밀 및 라이신 부산물을 사용하였다. 주 동물성 단백질원인 어분 단백질을 라이신 부산물에 의한 대체 수준에 따라 사료 조성을 요약하면 다음과 같다: $LCM_0, 100% FM: LCM_{10}, 90% FM+10% LCM, LCM_{20}, 80% FM+20% LCM; LCM_{30}, 70% FM+30% LCM; LCM_{40}, 60% FM+40% LCM; LCM_{30}l, 70% FM+30% LCM+lysine; LCM_{30}ln, 70% FM +30% LCM + lysine +NaOH; LCM_{40}lan, 60% FM+40% LCM+lysine+arginine; LCM_{40}/lan, 60% FM+40% LCM+lysine+arginine+NaOH.$ 8주간의 실험 결과, 증체율과 일간성장률에 있어서는 사료구 $LCM_0$와 비교하여 모든 사료구에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 아울러 아미노산 첨가 및 중화효과는 모든 사료구에서 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 사료효율과 단백질 전환효율에 있어서 사료구 LCMo는 사료구 $LCM_{10}. LCM_{20}. LCM_{30}lan, LCM_{40}lan 및 LCM_{40}lan$과 비교하여 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않은 반면에(P>0.05), 사료구 $LCM_{30}, LCM_{40} 및 LCM_{30}l$보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 아미노산 첨가와 중화효과에 있어서 사료구 $LCM_P{30}la, LCM_{30}l 및 LCM_{30}ln$은 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않은 반면에 사료구 $LCM_{40}la 및 CM_{40}lan은 LCM_{40}$과 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 따라서, 치어기 틸라피아에 있어서 성장을 기준으로 라이신 부산물은 어분 단백질을 40%까지 대체가 가능하였으며, 아울러 높은 라이신 부산물의 대체 수준에 있어서 사료효율과 단백질 전환효율을 고려한다면 아미노산 첨가(라이신과 아르지닌)와 중화 효과에 좋은 결과가 있을 것으로 사료된다.