• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.56-72
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• 2009

The purpose of this research is to get basic information needed for the development of special kimchi for the elementary school students. A questionnaire was used to investigate the consumption and attitude of the students when they having kimchi in the school meal service. The subjects consisted of 426 elementary school students(212 boys and 214 girls) in Seongnam. The collected data were analyzed by SAS package. The frequency of having kimchi was as follows. 52.1% of the students eat kimchi in every meal time, and 97.4% eat more than once a day. However, 54.0% of the students consume more than 5 pieces($2.5\times3.0 cm$) of kimchi per meal while 17.6% 1~2 pieces. They eat more kimchi at home than at school, and the main reason is that kimchi at home is 'more tasty'(79.1%), 'more safety'(29.1%) and 'less hot and salty'(19.2%). Baechu kimchi was found to be the most favorite one in the school meal service, followed by kkakdugi, yoelmu kimchi, chonggak kimchi, oi kimchi and nabak kimchi in order. Students wanted to added apples, pineapples, pears, oranges, shrimps, cucumbers and crab flavored fish paste to kimchi. Students' most favorite foods made with kimchi in the school meal service were Kimchi bokgumbab, Kimchi mandu, Kimchi jjigae, Kimchi jumukbab, Kimchi gimbab, Kimchi bokgum, Kimchi bibimbab, Kimchi hamburger and Kimchi dongas in order. Higher grade students and boys showed higher preference for the variation foods than lower grade students and girls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.523-532
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• 2004

The spontaneous frequency of genetic damage and the possible relationship of this damage to dietary and nutritional variables were investigated in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 45 elderly people using sister chromatid exchange (SCE). The relationship of dietary and nutritional factors on SCE was assessed by different degrees of smoking status such as smokers (n=14), ex-smokers (n=16) and non-smokers (n=15). Significant relationship of the SCE frequency to nutrient intake of the combined subjects (n=45) was found. When cigarette smoking status was taken into account, there were negative linear relationships between SCE and fat, phosphorus or vitamin A intakes of the non-smokers as well as SCE and the dietary quality scores. There was a positive linear relationship between SCE and food frequency of meat and fish among the smokers. Use of artificial sweetners in ex-smokers of the elderly people produced a significant increase of SCE in comparison with the mean SCE for those not using sweetners. Other dietary parameters, including intake of coffee, green tea and ginseng tea, alcohol consumption, use of processed foods, and administration of vitamin pills did not show any correlation with SCE. These results suggested that dietary fat, phosphorus or vitamin A status are the major determinants of spontaneous DNA damage in lymphocytes of the elderly people.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.293-302
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• 1998

The general meal intake survey in two regional areas(Seoul and Andong in Kyungsangbuk province) was conducted to investigate what the Korean favorite dishes are, as a part of study on their blood glucose responses. The survey was carried out to fill up the 45 kinds of questionnaires to adults over 20 years old. The age of subjects was evenly distributed from twenties to fifties and 54% of them was middle class, whose monthly income was between a million won and two million won. The 72% of subjects mixed cereals(mainly barley, soybean) with rice but about 28% did not. Domestic meals except general Korean meals were bibimbab and kimblb. Major noodles at home was ramen and kalgugsu(home made noodle) and 50% of the subjects took the noodle with small amounts of steamed rice. The 41% of subjects took the gug(Korean soup) in every meal and the major soup was vegetable doengang soup, sea mustard soup, beef soup and soybean sprout soup in order. The 87% of subjects took either soup or pot stew, and doenjang pot stew and kimchi pot stew were mainly used. The number of side dishes except soup, pot stew and kimchi was 3∼4. The side dishes in meat was cooked mainly with beef and pork. The favorite cooking type of fish is roasting one. Two kinds of kimchi were served in every meal and the major kimchi was cabbage kimchi, kkagdugi(radish cube kimchi), yulmu kimchi in order. The major meal of eating out was galbitang and bibibbab in Korean style, jjajangmyon in Chinese one, pork cutlet in western one and hamburger as a fast food.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1034-1042
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• 2010

This study aimed to determine the optimum dietary crude protein level in a typical diet for fattening pigs fed ad libitum under normal climate conditions in Central Vietnam. One hundred and ninety two gilts of Mong Cai local breed (MC), $F_1$ Large White${\times}$Mong Cai and $F_2$ crossbreds of (Landrace${\times}$Mong Cai)${\times}$Large White were used. At the start of the experiment, Mong Cai pigs weighed 12 kg at 11 weeks of age, $F_1$ pigs 12.1 kg at 8 weeks of age and $F_2$ pigs 12.2 kg at 8 weeks of age. Four diets differing in crude protein (CP) content (10.1, 13.1, 16.1 and 18.9% in DM) were formulated from rice bran, corn meal, cassava meal and fish meal. Calculated digestible energy content of the diets ranged from 13.5 to 13.8 MJ per kg DM. Pigs were housed individually in pens of $2.5\;m^2$ each and had ad libitum access to feed in a trough as well as water in bowls. The final weights after a growing period of 150 days were 66, 86 and 96 kg for MC, $F_1$ and $F_2$, respectively. Feed intake of MC pigs was highest at 13.1% CP while $F_1$ and $F_2$ had the highest feed intake at 16.1% CP. The results showed that for MC the maximum gain was obtained at levels between 13 to 16% CP. For the $F_1$ the maximum gain was at dietary protein levels of 16-17%. For $F_2$ the max gain was obtained at CP levels of 16 to 18%. Feed conversion was highest in MC pigs (~4.0) followed by $F_1$ (~3.3) and $F_2$ (~3.1), and within genotypes was lowest at the optimum CP level (p<0.05). Back fat thickness in MC (33.1 mm), $F_1$ (23.0 mm) and $F_2$ (20.5 mm) pigs was different and within genotypes was the lowest at intermediate CP levels. In conclusion, increasing the dietary crude protein contents in practical diets for pigs in Vietnam can increase production on small holder farms. Optimal performance for MC, $F_1$ and $F_2$ pigs is achieved at different dietary crude protein contents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.543-554
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• 1992

True metabolizable energy(TME) is believed a better indicator for animal performance than apparent metabolizable energy (AME) for excluding the endogenous energy losses from excreta, However few researches have been conducted to compare superiority of any energy systems through practical animal feeding tests. Present study was to compare the energy systems in young chicks in terms of predictability of energy intake for the birds performances including body energy retention and of methodological accuracy by evaluating reproducibility and additi-vity of energy values of feed ingredients and compound diets. Five ingredients such as yellow corn wheat soybean meal fish meal and wheat bran were measured for their various biological energy values. in the first feeding trial chicks were restric-ted-fed the basal diet at 80, 60 and 40% on weight basis of the amount of feed ingested by chicks fed ad libitum the same diet. chicks in the second trial were also restricted-fed diets at levels of 80, 70, 60 and 50% on energy basis of the amount consumed by the basak duet group fed ad libitum The diets in the latter trial were however composed of differeent formulations from the basal diet. One-week-old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were individually alloted in a cage on 10 cages/treatment basis and fed the diets for 14 days. Individual carcass energy was measured after the feeding trials. Coefficients of variation of energy measurements were lesser for nitrogen-corrected AME and TME(AMEn & TMEn respectively) than AME and TME values suggesting taht reprodu-cibility of energy determinations by former systems could be better than the latters. The coeffi-cients for AME and TME were almkost of the same values. Additivity obtained by the rations between the calculated values and catual measurements appeared quite satisfactory for all the energy systems. Those of AME and TME however were relatively better than the other systems. Regression coefficient ${r}^2$ between energy intake by various systems and chick performances appeared higher for TME, AMEn and TMEn than AME implying that the former systems could provide better predictability for body weight gain and energy retention than the AME. The ${r}^2$ values for TME and AMEn particularly for body weight gain were on the average 0.967 and 0.960 respectively. In conclusion TME or AMEn can be recommended as choice for dietary energy system in terms of performance predictability of the birds and of procedural convenience for the measurements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.290-304
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• 1988

To evaluate the food habits of middle school students a survey was made by the method of questionaire on 820 middle school students consisted of 370 boys and 450 girls in Taegu city area. The results obtained are summarized as follows; Cookies, fruits, fruit juice and ice cream are their favorite eatings between meals in the decreasing order, And the eatings between meals are more frequent In girls and in the students from financially better homes and from the parents of higher education. More than half of the students have regular or irregular intake of additional vitamin tablets while about 22 percents of them skip their breakfast almost everyday. About 24% of the students hardly pay attention to the relationship between their nutritional condition and their meals. More than seventy percents of the students are taking the instant foods as one of their favorite dishes. The food intake score showed large variation($0{\sim}14$). In general the girls marked higher score than the boys. The students from financially better homes and the students from the parents of higher education marked higher scores. From the 5 scale preference test it was shown that fruits the most favored eatings of the students while the fish and crab scored the lowest mark.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.512-525
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• 2003

The relationship between dietary practices and juvenile delinquency was studied using a dietary survey. Subjects were selected from juvenile delinquents who were under the supervision of the Seoul Probation Office of the Ministry of Justice. The study group consisted of 52 male and 52 female delinquents. As a control group, 104 exemplary high school students were selected in Seoul. A questionnaire was designed to find out the subjects' general characteristics, dietary habits, lifestyle, eating behavior, food frequency, and nutrient intake using the 24-hour recall method. Compared to the exemplary students, the juvenile delinquents were significantly different in education level, family status, monthly allowance, residence status, breast fed, parents' education level, parents' concern. In dietary habits, fifty-eight percent of the juvenile delinquents ate 2 or fewer meals per day, preferred to eat with friends, and liked hot tasting foods. The juvenile delinquents consumed more ion drinks (OR = 9.26 CI: 3.83 -22.37), rameon (OR = 7.67 CI: 3.21 - 18.33), cola (OR = 6.75 CI: 2.91 - 15.69), soft drinks (OR = 6.12 CI: 2.53- 14.81), steamed korean sausage (OR = 5.34 CI:2.31 - 12.32), hamburger (OR = 5.15 CI: 1.91 - 13.87), kimbab (OR = 3.63 CI: 1.76-7.46), ddokbokgi (OR = 3.17 CI: 1.58-6.38), candy (OR = 3.08 CI: 1.41-6.73), white rice (OR = 2.59 CI: 1.19-5.64), hotdog (OR = 2.52 CI: 1.31-4.86), and less rice mixed with grains (OR = 0.02 CI: 0.01-0.05), tangerine (OR = 0.06 CI: 0.02 - 0.20), milk (OR = 0.29 CI: 0.14 - 0.60), roasted fish (OR = 0.32 CI: 0.28-0.99, anchovy (OR = 0.35 CI: 0.17 - 0.72), seaweed (OR = 0.37 CI: 0.16 - 0.83), and tofu (OR = 0.48 CI: 0.23-0.99) than the exemplary students. With respect to the juvenile delinquents, the nutrient intakes lower than 75％ of the Korean RDA were for riboflavin (75.0％) and calcium (47.9％) among the boys, and calcium (46.9％) and iron (60.4％) among the girls. To prevent juvenile delinquency, nutritional education and well-balanced school food service meals should be emphasized so as to improve the management of dietary practices. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 512∼525, 2003)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.513-526
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of low sodium diet education program on dietary habits, diet quality, and measures of obesity in overweight or obese middle-aged women. Methods: Subjects were 81 individuals aged 45 years or over, who completed an 8-week nutrition education. The subjects were divided into a normal group (N = 30) and an overweight-obese group (N = 51) according to the BMI. The effects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement, biochemical analysis, questionnaire, and diet records before and after the program. Results: Overweight-obese group showed significant decreases in weight (p < 0.0001), BMI (p < 0.0001), percent of body fat (p = 0.0087), waist circumference (p < 0.0001), systolic (p = 0.0003) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0261). Nutrients intakes were not different between the two groups and only sodium intake was decreased after education. Total score of general dietary habits, dietary behavior related to sodium intake, dietary diversity score (DDS), diet variety score (DVS), and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) were improved in both groups compared to the baseline. Overweight-obese group showed significant improvement in 'having fruits everyday', 'having fish everyday', 'trying to eat many kinds of food', 'eating less broth when eating soup, stew, and noodles', 'eating less kimchi and salt-fermented vegetable', and 'propensity to think that dishes should be pretty seasoned'. In addition, moderation of empty calories food (p = 0.0064) and macronutrient ratio (p = 0.0004) were improved in the overweigh-obese group, but in the normal group, the results did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: These results suggested that low sodium diet education program may contribute to obesity management by improving diet quality and dietary habits in middle-aged women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2009

This study aimed to examine nutritional status and similarities of diets between Vietnamese female immigrants and Korean spouses and dietary changes of Vietnamese females after immigration. Subjects were 608 couples visiting 13 medical centers for the Cohort of Intermarried Women in Korea from November 2006 to November 2007. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were obtained and dietary intakes were assessed using one-day 24-hour recall. Sixty-eight percent of wives answered there have been changes in their diets and consumptions of meats, fish, dairy products, vegetables, and fruits increased after immigration. Energy intakes of wives and spouses were 1491.7 kcal and 1788.8 kcal, respectively, showing most couples (80.1%) consumed less than the Korean estimated energy requirements. More than half of the couples were below the Korean estimated average requirements of zinc, vitamin $B_2$, and folate. The correlation coefficients between couples ranged 0.15-0.38 for unadjusted, 0.22-0.35 for per 1000 kcal, and 0.21-0.40 for energy-adjusted, respectively. The proportions of couples in the same quartiles of each nutrient intake and in the same answers of each question of Mini Dietary Assessment were about 30% across nutrients and around 50% across questions. The length of residence is related to similarities of nutrient intakes between couples: similarities decreased after 3 years of residence in Korea. In conclusion, nutritional intakes of inter-married couples were inadequate although wives reported that their dietary intakes increased after immigration. Inadequate nutrient intakes of wives were partly explained by similar diets between couples because these wives without enough adjustment to Korean culture were more likely to follow what their spouses ate. Findings from this study may be helpful to improve the nutritional status of inter-married couples and make policies and programs for them. A follow-up study should identify factors affecting inadequate nutritional status of intermarried couples and similarities of their diets.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2017

Objectives: Recommended Menu (RM) prepared according to the Target Pattern expected to meet the dietary reference intake (DRI) of nutrients. Nutritional adequacy of RM in 'DRI for Koreans 2015' were analyzed to verify whether such expectation was fulfilled. Methods: Dishes in RM are categorized by 5 food groups, and number and types of dishes for main meal and between-meals were analyzed. The energy and 12 nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C) contents in 10 RMs were calculated using the food composition table (CD) in 'DRI for Koreans'. Energy, energy contribution ratio, and nutrient contents in 10 RMs for 18 age groups were evaluated based on the 'DRI for Koreans 2015'. Results: Number of dishes per meal were 4.83, and representative table setting consisted of cooked rice + soup (or stew) +3 side dishes. Energy contents of RM were 75~109% of estimated energy requirement (EER). None of the RM met the DRI of all 12 nutrients examined. Calcium was the most insufficient nutrient. Only 1-2 years' RM met the DRI, all the other RMs did not meet the calcium DRI. Dietary fiber and potassium contents were also insufficient in most RM. In adult male's RM, only 1 nutrient, i.e. calcium did not meet the DRI, but in female adult's RM, 5~6 nutrients did not meet the DRI. Energy contribution ratio of carbohydrate, protein, and fat in RM were 59.0~70.4%, 15.7~17.5%, 12.1~23.5%, respectively. And 4 RMs out of 10 exceeded the upper limit of acceptable macro-nutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrate and 3 RMs out of 10 RM were below the lower limit of fat AMDR. Contribution ratio of nutrients were ${\geq}40%$ by food groups were as follows: grain group in energy and carbohydrate; meat fish egg legume group in fat, protein, and niacin; vegetables group in dietary fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C; milk dairy products group in calcium. Conclusions: RM prepared according to the Target Pattern did not meet nutritional adequacy as expected. Especially calcium, potassium, and dietary fiber contents are needed to be increased in many RMs. Further, energy content in RM needs to be adjusted for fat sugar food group assigned in Target Pattern and condiment.