• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.120-127
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 엇갈이배추 재배기간 중 살균제 amisulbrom을 살포하고, 농약 살포 후 0(2시간 이내), 1, 3, 5, 7 및 10일에 엇갈이배추 시료를 채취하여 amisulbrom을 분석하고 amisulbrom의 생물학적 반감기를 산출하여 생산단계 농약 잔류허용기준(PHRL; Pre-Harvest Residue Limit)을 설정하였다. 엇갈이배추에 잔류한 amisulbrom은 acetonitrile과 dichloromethane으로 각각 추출 및 분배를 진행하여 HPLC-UVD로 분석하였다. Amisulbrom의 분석정량한계는 0.04 mg/kg이었으며, 평균 회수율은 0.4 및 2.0 mg/kg의 두 수준에서 각각 $93.7{\pm}2.3%$와 $100.0{\pm}1.3%$이었다. Amisulbrom을 기준량으로 1회 살포 시 엇갈이배추 중의 생물학적 반감기는 포장 1 및 2에서 각각 3.7일과 4.1일로 계산되었으며, 증체량에 따른 희석효과가 amisulbrom의 잔류량 감소에 주된 인자로 작용하지는 않았다. 잔류감소 회귀식을 이용한 생산단계 농약 잔류허용기준은 수확 10일전 8.86~9.47 mg/kg, 또는 5일전에 4.21~4.35 mg/kg으로 제안하였다.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.644-654
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• 2016

본 연구는 엇갈이배추 재배기간 중 mandelamide계 살균제인 mandipropamid를 수확 10일전 1회 살포한 후 각각 0(2시간 이내), 1, 3, 5, 7, 및 10일 후에 엇갈이배추 시료를 채취하여 mandipropamid 잔류량을 분석, 통계학적 생물학적 반감기를 산출하여 생산단계 농약잔류허용기준(Pre-Harvest Residue Limit; PHRL)을 설정하고자 하였다. Mandipropamid의 평균 회수율은 0.4 및 $2.0mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$의 두 수준에서 각각 $88.2{\pm}3.2%$와 $92.2{\pm}2.0%$이었으며, 분석정량한계는 $0.04mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$이었다. Mandipropamid를 기준량으로 1회 살포 시 엇갈이배추 중의 생물학적 반감기는 포장 1 및 2에서 각각 3.9일과 4.0일 이었고, 생체중 증가가 mandipropamid의 잔류량 감소에 상당한 영향을 나타내었다. 잔류감소 회귀식을 이용한m andipropamid의 생산단계 잔류허용기준은 수확 10일전의 경우 $11.07-12.19mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ 수준, 수확 5일전의 경우 $5.76-6.05mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ 수준인 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단 되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.460-465
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• 2007

엔도설판류(${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, sulfate)를 UV 및 초음파에너지를 조사하여 분해하였다. 물질의 분해과정은 가스크로마토그래프(GC)와 총유기탄소(TOC)를 분석하여 검토되었다. UV 원으로서 low pressure mercury multilamp(8Wx2)와 초음파발생기를 이용하였으며, 초기농도는 10 mg/L로 하였다. 단일성분에서의 실험결과 엔도설판류(${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, sulfate)의 UV 광분해도는 순서대로 48.2%, 50.0%, 76.5%였으며, 초음파를 이용한 분해에서는 각각 66.9%, 55.8%, 72.7%였다. 3성분 혼합용액에서는 단일성분용액의 분해효율과 달리 엔도설판-sulfate의 분해속도가 급감하여 가장 낮았고 엔도설판 -${\alpha}$, -${\beta}$들은 두드러진 차이를 보이지 않았다. 혼합용액에서 엔도설판-sulfate의 분해속도 감소로부터 엔도설판-${\alpha}$, -${\beta}$와 엔도설판-sulfate 사이의 낮은 평형상수값을 갖는 가역적 반응을 가정할 수 있었다. TOC 분석자료는 엔도설판류의 무기질화가 약 20%~40% 수준으로 진행되었음을 보여주며, 동시에 두 고도처리법이 라디칼분해반응을 유도하면서 상당한 분율의 중간산물을 생성함을 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 엔도설판류의 분해는 유기물 및 TOC 분석자료에 의거하면 모두 겉보기 1차 속도식과 잘 부합되었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.867-876
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• 2013

우리나라에서 시행되고 있는 '온실가스 에너지 목표관리제'의 효율적인 운영을 통하여 실질적인 온실가스 배출을 감축하고 향후 예정되어 있는 '탄소배출권 거래제'의 원활한 추진을 위해서는 온실가스배출량의 정확한 산정이 요구된다. 폐기물부문에서 주요 온실가스배출원인 폐기물 매립시설에 대해서도 목표관리제 운영지침에서 온실가스배출량 산정방법이 제시되어 있으나 계산방법과 매개변수 등에 오차요인이 있어 적정 산정방법에 대해 검토 제안하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 메탄회수율 0.75를 기준으로 산정방법을 구분하고 그 단일값과 메탄회수량으로부터 메탄발생량을 계산하는 방법은 삭제하여 온실가스배출량 산정과정의 중복적용과 과대평가 발생요인을 해소할 필요가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 메탄발생량은 일차분해모델로 추정하고 메탄회수량은 매립시설에서 측정한 값을 사용하도록 하되 과거 메탄회수량 데이터를 확보하기 곤란한 경우에는 메탄회수량을 산정할 수 있도록 일일복토나 중간복토가 포설된 사용중 매립시설에서는 가스배제공과 간이소각 0.60, 강제포집 시스템 0.65로, 최종복토가 이루어진 사용종료 매립시설은 자연적인 포집이나 강제포집이 수행되면 0.90으로 국내 매립시설에 적합한 조건별 메탄회수율 기준값을 제시하였다. 주요 매개변수 중 분해 가능한 유기탄소 비율(DOC)과 메탄으로 전환 가능한 DOC 비율($DOC_f$)은 국내 폐기물의 조성별 특성을 반영할 수 있도록 국내 연구결과를 이용하여 기준값을 도출하여 사용할 수 있으며, 메탄보정계수(MCF)는 매립시설의 설계나 설치 등의 단순한 기준으로 판단할 수 없으므로 명확한 기준이 요구되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.237-243
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• 1995

Anthraquinone이 유기용매에서 광반으에 의하여 반응 중간체로 생성하는 짧은 수명의 중성 세미퀴논 라디칼과 음이온 라디칼을 시간분해 ESR법에 의하여 측정하였다. 2-2-propanol (PrOH)과 triethylamine (TEA) 10:1 혼합 용매에서 광반응에 의하여 생성하는 중성 anthrasemiquinone 라디칼(AQH${\cdot}$)과 음이온 라디칼 (AQH${\cdot}$)의 CIDEP 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 생성한 AQH${\cdot}$은 반감기가 0.8 ${\mu}sec$로 수명이 아주 짧았으며, AQ${\cdot}$-은 안정하여 cwESR의 측정이 가능하였다. 스핀분극된 음이온 라디칼(AQ${\cdot}$-*)의 분극소멸 속도 상수는 $2.6{\times}10^5\; sec^{-1}$이고, 음이온 라디칼의 소멸은 1차 반응으로 속도상수가 $3.0{\times}10^2\; sec^{-1}$이다. 혼합용매에 TEA가 2% 미만일 때 CIDEP가 일어나지 않았다. 벤젠과 TEA 혼합용매에서는 반감기 3.0 ${\mu}sec$의 중성 anthrasemiquinone 라디칼의 CIDEP가 측정되었다. 그러나, cwESR은 측정되지 않았다. PrOH, TEA 또는 벤젠만의 용매로서는 CIDEP와 ESR을 측정할 수 없었다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2017

Objectives: Radon may be second only to smoking as a cause of lung cancer. Radon is a colorless, tasteless radioactive gas that is formed via the radioactive decay of radium. Therefore, radon levels can build up based on the amount of radium contained in construction materials such as phospho-gypsum board or when ventilation rates are low. This study provides our findings from evaluation of radon gas at facilities and offices in an industrial complex. Methods: We evaluated the office rooms and processes of 12 manufacturing factories from May 14, 2014 to September 23, 2014. Short-term data were measured by using real-time monitoring detectors(Model 1030, Sun Nuclear Co., USA) indoors in the office buildings. The radon measurements were recorded at 30-minute intervals over approximately 48 hours. The limit of detection of this instrument is $3.7Bq/m^3$. Also, long-term data were measured by using ${\alpha}-track$ radon detectors(${\alpha}-track$, Rn-tech Co., Korea) in the office and factory buildings. Our detectors were exposed for over 90 days, resulting in a minimum detectable concentration of $7.4Bq/m^3$. Detectors were placed 150-220 cm above the floor. Results: Radon concentrations averaged $20.6{\pm}17.0Bq/m^3$($3.7-115.8Bq/m^3$) in the overall area. The monthly mean concentration of radon by building materials were in the order of gypsum>concrete>cement. Radon concentrations were measured using ${\alpha}-track$ in parallel with direct-reading radon detectors and the two metric methods for radon monitoring were compared. A t-test for the two sampling methods showed that there is no difference between the average radon concentrations(p<0.05). Most of the office buildings did not have central air-conditioning, but several rooms had window- or ceiling-mounted units. Employees could also open windows. The first, second and third floors were used mainly for office work. Conclusions: Radon levels measured during this assessment in the office rooms of buildings and processes in factories were well below the ICRP reference level of $1,000Bq/m^3$ for workplaces and also below the lower USEPA residential guideline of $148Bq/m^3$. The range of indoor annual effective dose due to radon exposure for workers working in the office and factory buildings was 0.01 to 1.45 mSv/yr. Construction materials such as phospho-gypsum board, concrete and cement were the main emission sources for workers' exposure.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.1593-1603
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• 2023

In deterministic and Monte Carlo transport codes, b-delayed emission is included using a group structure where all of the precursors are grouped together in 6 groups or families, but given the increase in computational power, nowadays there is no reason to keep this structure. Furthermore, there have been recent efforts to compile and evaluate all the available b-delayed neutron emission data and to measure new and improved data on individual precursors. In order to be able to perform a transient Monte Carlo simulation, data from individual precursors needs to be implemented in a transport code. This work is the first step towards the development of a tool to explore the effect of individual precursors in a fissile system. In concrete, individual precursor data is included by expanding the capabilities of the open source Monte Carlo code OpenMC. In the modified code - named Time Dependent OpenMC or OpenMC(TD)- time dependency related to β-delayed neutron emission was handled by using forced decay of precursors and combing of the particle population. The data for continuous energy neutron cross-sections was taken from JEFF-3.1.1 library. Regarding the data needed to include the individual precursors, cumulative yields were taken from JEFF-3.1.1 and delayed neutron emission probabilities and delayed neutron spectra were taken from ENDF-B/VIII.0. OpenMC(TD) was tested in a monoenergetic system, an energy dependent unmoderated system where the precursors were taken individually or in a group structure, and in a light-water moderated energy dependent system, using 6-groups, 50 and 40 individual precursors. Neutron flux as a function of time was obtained for each of the systems studied. These results show the potential of OpenMC(TD) as a tool to study the impact of individual precursor data on fissile systems, thus motivating further research to simulate more complex fissile systems.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.183-193
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• 2022

초음파 (ultrasonic) 조사시간 (irradiation time)에 따른 Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa)의 성장억제 (growth inhibition) 효과를 대용량 (10 L) 조류 시료를 활용해 다양한 초음파 조사시간 동안 (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 hr) 실험실 규모 (lab-scale) 실험을 진행하였다. Chl-a와 M. aeruginosa 개체수 (cell number) 분석 결과, 초음파 조사 종료 이후 모든 실험군에서 Chl-a와 개체수가 감소되어 조류 성장억제가 관찰되었으며, 초음파 조사시간이 2시간 미만인 실험군 (T_B, T_C, T_D)은 저감 이후 조류의 급격한 재성장 (regrowth)이 관측되었으나, 조사시간이 2시간 이상인 실험군 (T_E, T_F, T_G)은 2시간 미만 조사한 실험군 대비 조류성장억제가 1 - 2일 더 지속되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한, 조류의 개체수가 초기 개체수까지 회복 시간 (recovery time)을 검토한 결과 조사시간 2시간을 기준으로 실험군 T_B (0.5 hr)는 7일, T_C (1 hr)와 T_D (1.5 hr)는 약 20일, T_E, T_F, T_G (≥ 2 hr)는 약 30일이 소요되어 초음파 조사 종료 후 초기 개체수까지의 회복 시간의 차이를 확인하였다. 비성장속도 (𝜇)와 일차분해속도(𝜅)를 도출한 결과, 실험군은 성장억제 기간 동안 초음파 조사시간과 비례하여 높은 일차분해율이 도출되었으며, 조사시간이 2시간 이상인 실험군의 재성장 시 비성장속도 (𝜇)는 2시간 미만인 실험군 대비 비성장속도 (𝜇)가 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 정체수역 내 장기적인 (30일) 조류 성장억제를 위해서는 최소한 2시간 이상의 초음파 조사가 필요한 것으로 판단되나, 조류 성장억제를 위한 적정 초음파 조사시간은 정체수역의 규모, 수심, 흐름속도, 조류 농도 등의 다양한 현장조건에 따라 결정돼야 하며, 실제 적용 가능성을 높이기 위한 추가 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 초음파의 영향으로 인한 M. aeruginosa의 세포 표면 및 내부형질 변화를 관찰한 결과, 조류 세포 표면 및 세포막의 손상이 명확히 관측되었으며, 대조군 대비 실험군의 M. aeruginosa의 기낭 파괴 및 교란이 확인되었다.

• 심성연구
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.113-150
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• 2016

초분은 살이 다 썩어 없어질 때까지 관에 넣은 시신을 짚으로 싸두는 초가 형태의 임시 무덤을 말한다. 모든 살이 다 없어지고 나면, 초분은 해체되고, 뼈만 추려 다시 묻는다. 이러한 방식의 초분은 따라서 처음 시신의 살을 처리하기 위한 임시 매장과 이후 남은 부분(뼈나 재)을 영구히 매장 하는 이중장제에 속한다. 초분은 사람이 잘 가지 않고, 집에서도 떨어져 있지만, 유족이 가서 돌볼 수 있는 곳을 택해 만들어지는데, 심리학적으로 이것은 지속적인 관심을 쏟을 수 있으면서도 고요히 격리될 수 있는 곳, 다시 말해 심리적인 재생이 일어나는 장소이다. 초분을 두는 기간, 일차장의 기간을 정하는데 가장 중요한 점은 뼈만 남길 때까지 기다려야 하는 기간이 얼마나 되는지, 그리하여 초분을 해체하였을 때 완전한 뼈 상태를 확인할 수 있는지와 관련된 것이다. 여기서 초분이 부패와 뼈로의 환원을 목표로 하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 부패와 새로운 생명의 탄생은 연금술 문헌에서 보듯 동시에 일어난다. 부패의 최종 목적은 육신을 영적 상태로 만들고, 그리하여 죽은 자를 다른 삶으로 들어갈 수 있게 만들어 주는 것이다. 그러기 위해서는 아주 불안정한 상태에서, 부패를 견뎌내고, 썩는 냄새가 모두 사라지는 것을 기다려야 한다. 썩히는 것은 그리하여 육화된 세계, 몸을 용해시켜 없애고, 그 핵심, 열매만을 남기는 것을 목표로 한다. 부패의 과정은 자기 스스로의 오염되고 끔찍한 측면을 받아들이는 태도이며, 무력하고 수동적인 자세를 취함으로써, 새로운 생명이 오게하는 것이다. 원형적인 세계, 무의식은 우리가 접근하려 할 때, 종종 위협적이고 공격적인, 더러운 무엇으로 경험된다. 개성화 과정에서, 우리가 우리 정신의 이 끔찍하고 오염된 부분들을 볼 수 있는 용기를 낼 때만이, 무의식은 우리에게 새로운 영적 각성과 새로운 삶의 감각이라는 축복을 주는데, 이것이 부패가 의미하는 것이다. 뼈와 골격은 생명의 부술 수 없는, 소멸되지 않는 본질적인 요소를 상징한다. 뼈는 재생을 위한 최소 단위이자, 재생의 바탕이 되며, 여기서 새로운 생명이 자라나게 된다. 뼈의 상태로 환원은 생명의 바로 그 원천으로 돌아감을, 자궁으로 다시 들어가 심리적으로 자신의 자아중심성을 버리고, 자기가 개성화의 전 과정을 이끌도록 허용하는 것이다. 앞으로의 발달을 위해, 골격 상태로의 환원의 어려운 과정을 겪는 것은, 자아의 죽음의 선언이며, 그 목적은 자신을 썩기 쉽고 덧없는 살과 피, 육신에서 해방시키고, 전체로서의 영적인 갱신, 생명의 불멸의 요소를 얻기 위함이다. 초분은 또한 식물의 순환에서 해마다 보이는 부패와 생명의 부활을 보여준다. 초분에서는 이러한 식물의 순환의 상징이 다른 일반적인 한국 전통 상장례에서보다 명확하고 강하게 드러나는데, 죽음에도 살아남는 생명의 부분을 식물의 상징을 통해 경험하게 한다. 초분과 관련된 식물은 죽음 후의 생명의 지속성, 심리적으로 말해, 자기의 존재를 말한다. 초분에서 드러나는 풍부한 식물의 이미지들은, 모든 것이 사라진 죽음의 상태 너머에 존재하는 생명의 존재와 관련되어 있으며, 심리학적으로 우리의 삶에 정신에 끝없는 에너지를 공급하는 영원히 존재하며 의식을 다시 태어나게 하고 새롭게 하는 자기의 존재를 이야기한다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.