• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

Experiments on the combustion characteristics of untreated wood specimens and also treated ones with boric acid and ammonium pentaborate were carried out using a cone calorimeter according to ISO 5660-1 standard. As a result, comparing to untreated specimen, the fire performance index (FPI) of the specimens treated with boron compounds increased by 1.2 to 2.1 times and the fire growth index (FGI) increased by 1.6 to 8.4%. Also, total smoke release rate (TSR) was 9.0 to 28.3% lower than that of the untreated specimen. It is understood that the test specimens treated with the boron compound produces a carbonized layer with a flame retarding effect. The highest CO concentration, 0.01112%, for the untreated specimen was observed at 418 s, but the specimens treated with boron compound decreased 13.2 to 37.5% compared to untreated specimen. Therefore, wood treated with boron compounds is expected to have lower fire hazards and risks.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.1768-1773
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• 2010

CEN/TS 45545 is Europe consolidation standard for fire safety on railway behicles. This is based on the International Union of Railways(UIC) and different European countries. It is intended to protect passengers and staff in railway in the event of a fire on board. It will be prepared in 2012. Based on this consolidate standard, they are going to make single market, for raising technical competitiveness, technical innovation and globalization of that standard. For this reason, European academies, manufacturers, and sub-manufacturers confer and stady animated about CEN/TS 45545. In Korea, get out the safety assessment for ues incombustible interior material, the needs of quantitative analysis on fire protection, demand on recognition of fire protection scenario, and define about fire load analysis are becomin more and more important. Therefore, this paper will estimate and compare Flammability, Smoke Density, Toxicity Index( this is the key point for appraised fire safety performance of material) between CEN/TS45545 and fire standards on railway vehicle. Then suggest criteria for fire safety on railway vehicles.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2002.10b
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• pp.962-968
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• 2002

In this study we reported the Smoke Density, the Toxicity, the Flame Spread Characteristics and the Oxygen Index of the FRP composite interior panels for raicars. Also investigated the test codes of the concerning items of other countries. We made some samples to the variance of resin types, surface finishing methods and panel shapes. It's not the really used ones but may help us effectively to guess the fire safety characteristics of railcars.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2013.11a
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• pp.275-290
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• 2013

The main cause of building fire fatalities occur in the combustible material heat, smoke and toxic gases are. Building interior decoration, etc., especially as much of the harmful substances generated during combustion, and, used in domestic architecture wallpaper, ceiling, and other plastics, built-in foam insulation also analyzed recognition of fire hazards approach to test the conkalrorimiteo test, choedaeyeolbangchulryul through, chongbal heat, mass loss rate, generates carbon monoxide gas hazard ratio tests, analysis and evaluation rigid foam index testing the toxicity of hazardous material generated by performing a gas clean up and assess the material test results, the minimum order to provide data to quantify the risk of fire. Ensure fire safety of building materials, composite materials in order to test the various risk factors could be considered organic to the introduction of testing and evaluation is needed urgently.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.469-474
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• 2010

Wood has an essential drawback such as high combustion ability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the combustion properties of the quercus variabilis and zelkova serrata dried at room temperature. The cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) was used to determine the heat release rate (HRR) and fire smoke index, as well as CO/$CO_2$ production and smoke obscuration. The total heat release (THR), $140.2\;MJ/m^2$ of the quercus variabilis under an external $50\;kW/m^2$ was high in comparison with THR $85.7\;MJ/m^2$ for the zelkova serrata. Furthermore, the quercus variabilis has high total smoke production (TSP), $3.50\;m^2$ compared with TSP $0.65\;m^2$ of zelkova serrata. Thease results depend on the bulk density of tested wood species. In addition, the CO/$CO_2$ production ratio of zelkova serrata and quercus variabilis was measured as 0.053, 0.043, respectively. Also, zelkova serrata showed an increase of fire-resistance attributed to char formation compared with that of quercus variabilis.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.474-479
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the fire safety in tunnels with bi-directional and/or congested unidirectional traffic where there may be people on both sides of the fire. Therefore, the spread and movement of smoke are simulated by Fire Dynamic Simulator code under different ventilation systems, longitudinal, semi-transverse, large port exhaust system. And as quantitative risk index, FED (Fractional Effective Dose) for each ventilation system are calculated and compared by existed code developed previous research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.96-101
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• 2010

One of the restriction of wood as building material is its combustibility. The purpose of this paper is to examine the combustion properties of the quercus variabilis and zelkova serrata which are dried at room temperature and meet the desirable characteristics for use of construction materials. The cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) was used to determine the heat release rate (HRR) and fire smoke index, as well as CO production and smoke obscuration. The $HRR_{mean}$ 77.94 kW/$m^2$ of the quercus variabilis at 50 kW/$m^2$ was high in comparison with $HRR_{mean}$ 13.06 kW/$m^2$ for the zelkova serrata. Furthermore, the quercus variabilis has high specific extinction area ($SEA_{mean}$), 41.11 $m^2$/kg compared with $SEA_{mean}$ 9.23 $m^2$/kg of zelkova serrata. Thease results are depend on the density of tested wood species. In addition, the quercus variabilis has high CO production rate compared with that of zelkova serrata. Also, zelkova serrata showed an increase of retardant properties attributed to char formation compared with that of quercus variabilis.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2003.10c
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• pp.327-332
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• 2003

We investigated the fire characteristics of the subway electric car's interior materials and evaluated the safety of it. The testing methods are ISO 4589-2 for Limited Oxygen Index, ISO 5658-2 for surface flame spread, ISO 5660-1 for Heat Release Rate, ASTM E 662 for smoke density and BS 6852 Annex B.2 for gas toxicity. The materials of seven organization including KNR were tested. Most of the materials are under the levels of the foreign country's demand. We also reported the test methods of other countries and compared it to ours.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2014

Recently, the safety assessments with using the various evacuation programs are performed for improving the performance of fire and evacuation safety in the building. Generally, the evacuation programs can simulate the human behavior in fire situation by applying the variation of the movement speed and Fractional Effective Dose (FED) index in the smoke. However, if the simulation is performed without optional setting around the fire, the agents do not avoid the fire and they move through the fire. Therefore in this study, we define the radiative repulsion force which exists between the fire and the agents. Moreover, we modify the Helbing's movement model by adding the radiative repulsion force. As a result of the modified movement model, all agents move around the fire and they do not enter the upper bound area of radiative heat flux, $2.4kW/m^2$. From these results, we verified the reliability of the modified movement model.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

In this study, standards and test methods for building materials of domestic and foreign countries were compared and analyzed to propose evaluation methods for the fire-retardant performance of HANOK components (Traditional house). IBC and NFPA codes recently have been adopted in the US, and the properties such as critical heat flux, fire spread index and smoke density are being used as an evaluation reference. In Europe, the unified Euroclass has been adopted and the surface flammability, prototype fire test or cone calorimeter test are conducted for the performance test. Japan has the similar system as Korea where the class is classified into 3 grades. We tried to study a quantitative evaluation method of fire retardant performance for the HANOK components based on the analysis results of the several countries' standards and test methods for building materials.