• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.67-78
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• 2022

In this study, the measurement results of the coastal deep soft ground buried in the upper part of the dredged clay were analyzed and compared with the current specification standards. Based on the results, a suitable proposal was suggested for the selection, installation, data arrangement, and analysis of each instrument used in the deep soft ground improvement construction. The pore water pressure meter has a range of 1.5 times or more of the expected measurement range, considering the field conditions of the soft ground. The groundwater level meter installed in the horizontal drainage layer checks the change in the groundwater level during the embanking as well as the performance of the catchment well and the horizontal drainage layer. Therefore, it is important to manage so that the groundwater level exists inside the horizontal drainage layer during embanking. It is enough to install the inclinometer in the gravel layer below the soft ground or weathered rock with an N value of 40 or more for the deep soft ground. It seems desirable to install a screw type for differential settlement meter. However, the screw type should not settle due to its own weight. Considering that it is a dredged landfill where subsidence occurs significantly, it is sufficient to manage the tolerance of leveling at about 10 mm (L is the one-way distance (km)).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2023

Animal welfare was introduced relatively late to Korea in comparison with Western countries. Nonetheless, the Korean government has continuously improved animal welfare-friendly regulations as policy instruments. Given the current situation, it is predicted that spontaneous settlement of the animal welfare policies will be difficult and may cause conflict in the farm animal industry. To identify and categorize conflicts caused by animal-welfare-related policies in the last five years, we investigated the awareness of animal welfare among Korean hen farms and the level of compliance with the animal welfare regulations. We collected a sample of 53 egg-laying chicken farm operators (e.g., owners or head managers) was collected through the on-site survey (90% confidence level (Z-score: 1.65) and 10.18% tolerance, based on a number of 797 egg-laying farms in 2020). Ethical conflicts on the farms were categorized into three different types according to the hen farm's ethical awareness level: passive, moderate, and active. Additionally, we investigated the correlation between compliance with regulations and ethical consideration. This study confirmed that compliance with animal welfare-related regulations significantly correlated to the level of ethical consideration of farm operators. Interestingly, we also observed that farm operators did not comply with the regulation despite their high level of awareness of animal welfare. This conflict implies contradiction and unresolved ethical dilemmas. Therefore, this study argues that the policies cause conflict in the field despite the certain level of effectiveness on animal welfare regulations.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2008

A series of experiments were conducted to find standard test organisms and to develop test protocols for sediment toxicity tests using indigenous amphipods inhabited in Korean coastal environments. The indigenous amphipods Mandibulophoxus mai and Monocorophium acherusicum were well associated with various sediment substrates from sand to mud. The tolerance limits to various physico-chemical factors affecting bioassay results such as temperature, salinity and total ammonium as well as the sensitivities to contaminants in water and sediments were investigated using M. mai and M. acherusicum in the present study. These amphipods were tolerable to the adequate ranges of salinity ($10{\sim}30\;psu$), temperature ($10{\sim}25^{\circ}C$) and ammonia (<50 ppm). They have relevant sensitivities to the reference toxicants, dissolved cadmium as well as other metals and organic pollutants, when compared to the standard test species used in other countries. Field-sediment toxicity tests revealed that M. mai would be more sensitive to sediment-associated pollutants than M. acherusicum, while the sensitivity of M. acherusicum was comparable to those of other sediment test species in other countries. Overall results of this first attempt to develop an amphipod sediment toxicity test protocol in Korea indicated that M. mai and M. acherusicum should be applicable in the toxicity assessment of contaminated sediments, following the further evaluation encompassing various ecological and toxicological evaluation and the standardization of test method.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

Effects of artificial and solar W-B radiation on five rhodophytes (Curdiea racovitzae, Gigaytina skottsbergii, Mazzaella obovata, Myriogramme manginii, Palmaria decipiens) from Antarctica have been investigated using PAM fluorescence in laboratory and in the field. Laboratory studies showed that there were significant differences in the UV sensitivity between different species, and that the differences appeared to be correlated with the depth of collection of the specimens. It was apparent from the observations that the samples such as M. manginii and P. decipiens collected from 20-30 m depths were move sensitive to W-B radiation compared with those collected from shallower depths, The present study confirmed that an acclimation to the surrounding light regime could be an important factor to determine the UV-sensitivity of a species or individuals and that PAM measurements are rapid and non-destructive methods to evaluate UV influences. From field studies on M. manginii and P. decipiens it was observed that both plants exhibited changes in the effective quantum yield, with the minimum values nt noon followed by n recovery in the evening. Photoinhibition occurred in these species could therefore be accounted for by so- called dynamic photoinhibition. It seems likely that this protective mechanism may contribute to survival of the species in shallow water where they may encounter intense solar radiation. The presence or absence of the W- B component under solar radiation differently affected the photosynthetic recovery process, and the rate of recovery was much stoney in UV- present than in W- absent conditions. Functional role of W- B appears to delay the recovery of photosynthesis in the studied macroalgae. Differential sensitivity to UV-B recognised between M. manginii and P. decipiens seemed to correspond well with the amount of UV-absorbing substances (UVAS) contained in the respective species. Higher tolerance to solar radiation by the latter species may be due to the higher amount of UVAS. There were variations of UVAS concentrations in algal thalli depending on the season and depth of collection.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.198-203
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• 2013

Generally, to evaluate gated radiation therapy, moving phantoms are used to simulate organ motion. Since the target moves in every direction, we need to take into account motion in each direction. This study proposes methods to evaluate gated radiation therapy using gamma index analysis and to visualize adequate gating window sizes according to motion ranges. The moving phantom was fabricated to simulate motion in the craniocaudal direction. This phantom consisted of a moving platform, the I'm MatriXX, and solid water phantoms. A 6 MV photon filed with a field size of $4{\times}4cm^2$ was delivered to the phantom using the gating system, while the phantom moved in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-cm motion ranges. The gating windows were set at 40~60%, 30~40%, and 0~90%, respectively. The I'm MatriXX acquired the dose distributions for each scenario and the dose distributions were compared with a $4{\times}4cm^2$ static filed. The tolerance of the gamma index was set at 3%/3 mm. The greater the gating window, the lower the pass rate, and the greater the motion range, the lower the pass rate in this study. In case treatment without gated radiation therapy for the target with motion of 2 cm, the pass rate was less than 96%. But it was greater than 99% when gated radiation therapy was used. However gated radiation therapy was used for the target with motion greater than 4 cm, the pass rate could not be greater than 97% when gating window was set as 30~70%. But when the gating window set as 40~60%, the pass rate was greater than 99%.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate effect and tolerance of external beam radiotherapy for carcinoma of the prostate and define the optimal radiotherapeutic regimen. Materials and methods : We retrospectively analyzed the records of 60 patients with prostate cancer who were treated with external beam radiotherapy with curative intent in our institution between September, 1987 and March, 2000. Histologic diagnosis was established by transurethral resection or ultrasonography guided biopsy. The major presenting symptoms were a nodule at routine prostatic examination and frequency and urgency of urination, along with dysuria. The median age was 63 years with range of 51 to 87 years. There were 6 patients in Stage A, 20 in Stage 8, 26 in Stage C, and 8 in Stage Dl. All patients were treated with megavoltage equipment producing 10 MV photons. The 4 field pelvic brick technique was used to a dose of 45 Gy or 50.4 Gy at 1.8 Gy per day in 5 to 6 weeks, after which a small boost field was delivered 2.0 Gy per day to a total dose of 66 to 70 Gy. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 8 years. Results : Actuarial 5-year and 7-year survival rates for Stage A, B, C, and D1 were $100\%\;and\;84\%$, $83\%\;and\;72\%$, $67\%\;and\;54\%$, and $v$, respectively. The corresponding 5-year and 7-year relapse free survival rates were $84\%\;and\;84\%$, $77\%\;and\;67\%$, $48\%\;and\;40\%$, and $33\%\;and\;25\%$, respectively. Relapse free 5-year survival rates for Stage B were $80\%,\;80\%,\;and\;50\%$ for well, moderately, and poorly differentiated tumors, respectively. These were $64\%,\;44\%,\;and\;33\%$ for Stage C, respectively. The local control rates at 5 years were $84\%,\;85\%,\;78\%,\;and\;60\%$ for Stage A, B, C, and D1, respectively. Mild to moderate complications were observed in $22\%$ of patients. Severe complications requiring surgical procedures were documented in only $3\%$ of patients. Conclusion : This study confirms that external beam irradiation is an effective and safe treatment for prostatic cancer, providing long-term local control and good survival with acceptable complications.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2015

The following experiments were used to evaluate the effect of seeding method and pre-emergence herbicides on weed control and the production of the $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ [sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrid under field and in vitro conditions. Under the in vitro condition, we evaluated how different kinds of herbicides affect the rate of seed germination and the growth of early seedlings in the $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid treated with herbicides. Simazine, alachlor, and methabenzthiazuron were used, and their concentration levels were 0%, 40%, 70%, and 100%. The germination ratio of the seeds was reduced by the application of simazine, methabenzthiazuron, and alachlor compared with the control (distilled water). The alachlor application severely decreased the sorghum germination ratio. However, seed germination was not greatly influenced by the concentration level of the herbicides. Root and shoot length were increased in the following order: control > simazine > methabenzthiazuron > alachlor. Overall, alachlor significantly reduced root length more than shoot length. The differential tolerance of the $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrid to pre-emergence herbicides by seeding method was then tested under the field condition. The plants were severely injured by the alachlor application, leading to a great reduction in the number of stems. However, for the simazine and methabenzthiazuron applications the number of stems lost was slightly lower than it was for the alachlor and simazine + alachlor applications. In the seeding method, drilling was more effective in reducing herbicide injury than broadcasting. All of the herbicides effectively controlled weeds. The simazine and methabenzthiazuron applications showed a significantly higher dry matter (DM) yield. However, the alachlor and simazine + alachlor applications severely reduced the DM yield. This result suggests that the alachlor application has a significant effect on plant production. Similarly, the total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield was greatly reduced by the alachlor and simazine + alachlor applications. From the results presented above, we concluded that the yield of DM was the highest for broadcasting with no herbicide. and drilling was the most-effective way to reduce herbicide injury. The simazine application was the most-effective herbicide, showing the highest forage yield and TDN yield.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 1998

Background & Objectives: Frameless fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy(FFSRT) is a modification of stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) with radiobiologic advantage of fractionation without losing mechanical accuracy of SRS. Local recurrence of head and neck cancer at or near skull base benefit from reirradiation. Main barrier to successful palliation is dose limitation secondary to normal tissue tolerance. We try to evaluate the efficacy and safety of FFSRT as a new modality of reirradaton in these challenging patients. Materials & Methods: Seven patients with recurrent head & neck cancer involving at or near skull base received FFSRT from September 1995 to November 1997. Six patients with nasopharyngeal cancer had received induction chemotherapy and curative radiation therapy. One patient with maxillary sinus cancer had received total maxillectomy and postoperative radiation therapy as a initial treatment. Follow-up ranged from 11 to 32 months with median of 24 months. Three of 7 patients received hyperfractionated radiation therapy(1.1-1.2Gy/fraction, bid, total 19.8-24Gy) just before FFSRT. All patients received FFSRT(3-5Gy/fraction, total 15-30Gy/5-10fractions). Chemotherapy(cis-platin $100mg/m^2$) were given concurrently with FFSRT in four patients. Second course of FFSRT were given in 4 patients with progression or recurrence after initial FFSRT. Because IF(irregularity factor; ratio of surface area of target to the surface area of sphere with same volume as a target) is too big to use conventional stereotactic RT using multiple arc method for protection of radiation damage to critical normal tissue, all patients received FFSRT with conformal method using irregular static ports. Results: Five of 7 patients showed complete remission in follow-up CT &/or MRI. Three of these five patients who developed marginal, in-field, and out-field recurrences, respectively. Another one of complete responders has been dead of G-I bleeding without evidence of local recurrence. One partial responder who showed progressive disease 15 months after initial FFSRT has received additional FFSRT, and then he is well-being with symptomatic improvement. One minmal responder who showed progression of locoregional disease 9 months after $1^{st}$ FFSRT has received 2nd FFSRT, and then he is alive with stable disease. Five of 7 case had showed direct invasion to skull base and had complaint headache and various symptoms of cranial nerve involvement. Four of these five case showed improvement of neurologic symptoms after FFSRT. No significant neurologic complicaltion related to FFSRT was observed during follow-up periods. Tumor volumes were ranged from 3.9 to 50.7 cc and surface area ranged from 16.1 to $114.9cm^2$. IF ranged from 1.21 to 1.74. The average ratio of volume of prescription isodose shell to target volume was 1.02 that indicated the improvement of target coverage and dose distribution with FFSRT with conformal method compared to target coverage with FFSRT with multiple arc method. Conclusion: Our initial experience suggests that FFSRT with conformal method was relatively effective and safe modality in the treatment of recurrent head and neck cancer involving at or near skull base. Treatment benefit included good palliation of symptoms and reasonable radiographic response. However, more experience and additional follow-up are needed to better assess its ultimate role in treating these challenging patients.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2009

A new six-rowed naked barley cultivar "Jinjuchal" with high whiteness after cooking and high $\beta$-glucan content was developed from the cross between 'Jinmichapssalbori' with high winter hardiness, lodging tolerance, grain whiteness and pearling yield, and 'Suwon 333' with waxy endosperm by the Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), NICS, RDA in 2007. An elite line, SB962002G-B-B-B-84-4 was selected in 2002 and designated as 'Iksan 79' It showed good agronomic performance in the regional yield trials (RYT) from 2005 to 2007 and was released with the name of "Jinjuchal" possessing high whiteness and low proanthocyanidin waxy endosperm. The average heading and maturing dates of "Jinjuchal" were April 27 and June 1 in paddy field, which were same and one day later than those of the check cultivar 'Saechalssalbori' respectively. The new cultivar, "Jinjuchal" had 81 cm of culm length that was 1cm longer than that of 'Saechalssalbori' and 4.9 cm of spike length. It showed 673 spikes per $m^2$, 56 grains per spike, 27.0 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 752 g of test weight. "Jinjuchal" showed stronger hardiness and better resistance to powdery mildew and BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus) than those of the check cultivar, 'Saechalssalbori' It showed higher $\beta$-glucan content(8.4%) and water absorption rate than those of the check cultivar, 'Saechalssalbori' Its average yield of the pearled grain in the regional yield trial was 3.79 MT/ha in upland, and 3.73 MT/ha in paddy field, which were 1% lower and 3% higher than those of the check cultivar, respectively. Total phenol and proanthocyanidin contents were 4.2 and 0.2 mg/g, respectively. This cultivar is suitable for the area of the daily minimum temperature above $-6^{\circ}C$ in January in Korean peninsula.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.439-446
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• 2021

A field-scale study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic matter amendments on the solubility of arsenic (As) in paddy soil and uptake by rice. Six organic matter (rice bran, rice straw, pig/cattle/fowls manure compost and swine liquid manure) were added to two polluted soils with high As (53 mg kg^-1) and low As concentration (28 mg kg^-1), and changes in soil solution constituents was monitored. The mean As concentrations in soil solution from the high As soil with rice bran, pig manure compost and swine liquid manure addition were significantly higher (0.61-1.15 mg L^-1) than that of the control (0.42-0.66 mg L^-1). Regression between As and Fe in soil solution indicated that As was attributable to reductive dissolution of Fe (hydr)oxides and it was driven by organic matter addition. Mean As concentrations in brown rice from the high As soil were 0.35-0.46 mg kg^-1, above the maximum safety level of inorganic As (0.35 mg kg^-1), and tended to be higher in organic matter amended soils than that of the control. The significant correlation between grain As and soil solution As was not observed and it was probably attributable to As tolerance of rice causing the reduction of As uptake and/or translocation to grain. However, considering the significant As release in soil solution from the high As soil and the tendency of grain As elevation after organic matter addition, it is needed to be cautious for food safety when amending organic matter to paddy soil with high As concentration.