• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.57-76
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• 2002

This paper surveys consumer policies for the internet transaction in the developed countries. Recently the internet transaction has been witnessing a remarkable change represented by the rapid spread of "revolution of distribution". It cannot be, however, stated that internet transaction will dominates all the market places without enhancing consumer's reliability in the internet transaction. Many countries made an efforts to the consumer protection in order to develop infra-structure of information industry. We will soon discover a new paradigm that consumer protection is not a tool for development of cyber market but the goal itself. We survey the process of consumer policies discussed in the developed countries and study the point of prevailing arguments of the consumer protection in the internet transaction. The arguments discussed in OECD meetings are debatable, especially, to the degree of government intervention in the field of consumer protection between EU and US. In contrast of US insisted on the minimum intervention of the government, EU suggest the opinion of more aggressive role of government in consumer policy in the cyber market. This paper attempts to provide several guide lines of Korean consumer policy in the cyber market.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.291-300
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• 1998

Recently, upwelling of anoxic bottom water mass have been frequently observed in northeast part of Tokyo Bay in Japan during summer to autumn. Since the colour of water surface becomes milkyblue or milkygeen, the upwelling phenomenon Is called 'Blue Tide'. The data analysis of field surveys during 'Blue Tide' appearance have been performed for understanding the physical features of the 'Blue Tide' phenomena In Tokyo Bay. It becomes clear that (1) the formation of the anoxic bottom water correlates well with the temperature difference between the surface and bottom waters, (21 there are two necessary conditions for generating 'Blue Tide': that Is, strong stratincation and off-shore wind. The strong southwest(on-shored wand before the 'Blue Tide' appearance may play an iniportant role to make the striancation strengthen. When these conditions are larger and the northeast or east-northeast (off-shored wind stronger than S ifs blows In succession, the 'Blue Tide' upwelling appears at the head of Tokyo Bay.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.41.3-42
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• 2017

The mass function of massive high-z clusters is extremely sensitive to the cosmological parameters. However, it is challenging to estimate their accurate masses. The "See Change" HST programme offers a rare opportunity to measure them using weak gravitational lensing. In this talk, we study SPT-CL J0205-5829 (z=1.322) and MOO1014+0038 (z=1.24) discovered in the SPT-SZ survey and MaDCoW Survey, respectively. We perform weak lensing analysis with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) images by carefully taking into account the instrumental effect. We successfully detect weak lensing signals which produce cluster masses consistent with those from non-lensing methods based on hydrostatic equilibrium.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-37
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• 1995

The use of lasers in medicine has opened up entirely new fields of therapy and diagnosis. The process in biotechnical applications of laser is basically different from traditional one in other technical field because of critical account to the human body. This paper surveys the principle of biomedical applications as well as possible future developments in laser medicine. In particular, the following subjects are extensively presented : 1) laser-tissue interaction, 2) therapeutic, and diagnostic technique, 3) laser op tical fiber for medicine, and 4) laser safety.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.84-86
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• 2008

Field surveys and specimen collections of the rust fungal pathogen Gymnosporangium were carried out for 15 years from 1985 through 1999 in various locations of Korea. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of morphological characteristics of aecia from the collected specimens revealed that Gymnosporangium globosum is the causal agent of American hawthorn rust disease on Crataegus pinnatifida and C. pinnatifida varmajor. The host plants are new for this rust fungus. G. globosum was found only in Gyeonggi and Chungbuk provinces, indicating that its distribution in Korea is limited. This is a first full description on morphological characters of aecia of G. globosum in Korea.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.169-179
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• 2017

The purpose of this research is to identify the overall operation status of the marine program, which operates in the Department attempted, in various qualities and operational programs consisting of lecturers derives the problem, and to the policy proposal accordingly. In order to complete the purpose, to analyzed based on the status of marine programs of the Marine Training Center Chungcheong Cluster of three Education Offices from 2014 until the first half of 2016. In addition to direct visit the scene to confirm the status of the data collected through field surveys and interviews were officials confirm the validity of the data, and also to obtain additional study. In conclusion, First, Establish measures for the reduction of blind spots urgent law. Second, Appliances installed for program development and Instructors training.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.28.1-28.1
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• 2010

Recent surveys have shown that many early-type galaxies have signatures of ongoing or recent star formation (RSF). These RSF galaxies show blue integrated UV-optical colours that set them aside in the NUV integrated colour-magnitude relation. Among them, NGC 4150 has been observed using the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on board the Hubble Space Telescope to inspect the galaxy with higher spatial resolution. In the WFC3 data, the galaxy reveals ubiquitous near-UV emission and remarkable dusty substructure. Our analysis shows this galaxy to lie in the near-UV green valley, and its pixel-by-pixel photometry exhibits a narrow range of UV-optical colours that are similar to those of nearby E+A (post-starburst) galaxies, and lie between those of M83 (an actively star-forming spiral) and the local quiescent early-type galaxy population. This work reaffirms our hypothesis that minor mergers play a significant role in the evolution of early-type galaxies at late epochs.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1983

A distribution map of black pine, Pinus thunbergii, in south Korea was prepared through field surveys. According to Mirov(1967), the range of black pine is limited in east Asia, Japan and Korea; its northern limit is at about 41。34' north and its southern limit on Takara island, south Kyushu, at 29。 north. According to the present map, its northern limit coincided with the isopath of warmth index 100 by Yim(1977). The density of pine in grid mesh, about 4 km * 4 km, was higher at costal area than that in inland area, and it was also higher at sea side slope than the opposite slope of the same mountain. This suggests that the ecological distribution of black pine is greatly affected by salt content of the soil or the optimal range of summed temperature for the pine growth.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.29-44
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• 1996

This study investigated the Present traditional Korean farmhousing and Past housing (from 1928~1956) based on a survey of 23 Korean women from Kyongki Province. It was primarily concerned with a Comparison of the present and past housing ; the size and plan of the house and finishing materials of Anbang(The masters bedroom : ondol) and the kind of furniture. lighting and heating in the Anbang. I was also interested in identifying the socio-demographic and physical variables that influenced the housing, past and Present. Bibliographical studios. cultural approaches and field surveys with tape recordings and questionnaires were used to collect the data. The results showed that the former Housing(averag ; 54 years ago) was very poor. Most homes lacked sufficient space. furniture and experienced a shortage of fuel. The most decisive difference from the present was the large family size. It would be beneficial to make a similar study in both the southern and northern regions of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2008

In general, the function of university dormitory includes residental, educational and many other functions for students who need quite environment and energetic living life. This functions influence the residental satisfaction of university dormitory. So this study attempts to evaluate many functions of the D-university dormitory according to the residents (students) needs and satisfaction. In the present work, SPSS window version 12.0 programs Anova (duncan, scheff, T-test. etc.) was used for analysis of statistical data which obtained from survey. The field surveys carried out for a total samples of 159 residents such as male (86), female (73), in the D-university dormitory. The result appears that the most dissatisfied factor of resident was the space and facilities of wash room. and students demand that various room and program in the dormitory except main space (unit room).