• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.172-178
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• 2009

Fermented ginseng (FG) is an ethanol extract of ginseng radix processed with $\beta$-galactosidase. It was hypothesized that FG may exert anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-diabetic activities through modulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. In this study, we showed that AMPK phosphorylation was stimulated by FG. These effects were abolished by pretreatment with an AMPK inhibitor, compound C. In addition, FG regulated the expression of genes associated with lipogenesis and lipolysis, thus causing suppression of hepatic triglyceride accumulation. In vivo study using db/db mice, FG reduced fasting plasma glucose, HbAlc, and insulin resistance index, when compared to diabetic control. FG also increased the phospho-AMPK and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expressions in liver and skeletal muscle, respectively. In liver, expressions of lipogenic gene were decreased whereas expressions of lipolytic genes were induced, when compared to diabetic control. Taken together, we may suggest that FG ameliorates hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia through activation of AMPK and could be developed as a health functional food or therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetic patients.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.100-107
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• 2013

This study examined the effect of fermented ginseng (FG) on memory impairment and ${\beta}$-amyloid ($A{\beta}$) reduction in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in vitro and in vivo. FG extract was prepared by steaming and fermenting ginseng. In vitro assessment measured soluble $A{\beta}42$ levels in HeLa cells, which stably express the Swedish mutant form of amyloid precursor protein. After 8 h incubation with the FG extract, the level of soluble $A{\beta}42$ was reduced. For behavioral assessments, the passive avoidance test was used for the scopolamine-injected ICR mouse model, and the Morris water maze was used for a transgenic (TG) mouse model, which exhibits impaired memory function and increased $A{\beta}42$ level in the brain. FG extract was treated for 2 wk or 4 mo on ICR and TG mice, respectively. FG extract treatment resulted in a significant recovery of memory function in both animal models. Brain soluble $A{\beta}42$ levels measured from the cerebral cortex of TG mice were significantly reduced by the FG extract treatment. These findings suggest that FG extract can protect the brain from increased levels of $A{\beta}42$ protein, which results in enhanced behavioral memory function, thus, suggesting that FG extract may be an effective preventive or treatment for AD.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenosides, which are bioactive components in ginseng, can be converted to smaller compounds for improvement of their pharmacological activities. The conversion methods include heating; acid, alkali, and enzymatic treatment; and microbial conversion. The aim of this study was to determine the bioconversion of ginsenosides in fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE). Methods: Red ginseng extract (RGE) was fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11613P. This study investigated the ginsenosides and their antioxidant capacity in FRGE using diverse methods. Results: Properties of RGE were changed upon fermentation. Fermentation reduced the pH value, but increased the titratable acidity and viable cell counts of lactic acid bacteria. L. plantarum KCCM 11613P converted ginsenosides $Rb_2$ and $Rb_3$ to ginsenoside Rd in RGE. Fermentation also enhanced the antioxidant effects of RGE. FRGE reduced 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power; however, it improved the inhibition of ${\beta}$-carotene and linoleic acid oxidation and the lipid peroxidation. This suggested that the fermentation of RGE is effective for producing ginsenoside Rd as precursor of ginsenoside compound K and inhibition of lipid oxidation. Conclusion: This study showed that RGE fermented by L. plantarum KCCM 11613P may contribute to the development of functional food materials.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2010

Thirty-four strains of Lactobacillus species were isolated from soil and eight of these isolates (M1-4 and P1-4) were capable of growing on red ginseng agar. The M1 and P2 strains were determined to be L. plantarum and other strains (M2, M3, M4, P1, P3 and P4) were determined to be L. brevis. Fermentation of red ginseng extract (RGE) with strains M1, M2, P2 and P4 resulted in a low level of total carbohydrate content (174.3, 170.0, 158.8 and 164.8 mg/mL, respectively). RGE fermented by M3 showed a higher level of uronic acid than the control. The polyphenol levels in RGE fermented by M1, P1 and P2 (964.9, 941.7 and $965.3\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively) were higher than the control ($936.8\;{\mu}g/mL$). Total saponin contents in fermented RGE (except M1) were higher than the control. RGE fermented by M2 and M3 had the highest levels of total ginsenosides (31.7 and 32.7 mg/mL, respectively). The levels of the ginsenoside Rg3 increased from 2.6 mg/mL (control) to 3.0 mg/mL (M2) or 3.1 mg/mL (M3). RGE fermented by M2 and M3 also had the highest levels of Rg5+Rk1 (7.7 and 8.3 mg/mL, respectively). Metabolite contents of ginsenoside (sum of CK, Rh1, Rg5, Rk1, Rg3 and Rg2) of M2 (13.0 mg/mL) and M3 (13.9 mg/mL) were also at a high level among the fermented RGE. Protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol content of ginsenoside of M2 (10.9 and 5.4 mg/mL, respectively) and M3 (11.0 and 5.7 mg/mL, respectively) were at higher levels than other fermented RGE.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1244-1250
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• 2011

The study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial and antiviral activities of ginseng fine root in order to search for antibacterial substances. Among 8 kinds of fermentation strains, Lactobacillus plantarum was selected based on viable cell count and antibacterial activities during incubation. Optimum conditions of ginseng fine root fermentation for L. plantarum were incubation at $35^{\circ}C$ for 48 hr in 5% ginseng fine root broth. That methanolic extract of fermented ginseng fine root broth was observed to be antibacterial and have antiviral activities. The results of paper disc method of non-fermented extract and fermented extract measured against E. coli was 11 mm and 20 mm, S. aureus was 15 mm and 22 mm, respectively. Shaking flask method was observed to inhibit the growth E. coli and S. aureus in fermented extract by 99.9%. However, antiviral activity of Feline calicivirus (FCV) was mostly activated. Fermented extract was used to investigate the compositional changes of ginsenosides on HPLC analysis. By fermentation, ginsenoside Rg1, Re and Rd were increased, with Rd showing a significant increase of 50 ${\mu}g/g$. These results suggest that ginseng fine root extract is a useful resource.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.287-294
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• 2008

Protective effects of cheonggukjang fermented with 20% red ginseng (RC) were observed in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by measuring levels of blood glucose, serum lipid profiles, and hepatic reactive oxygen species generating and scavenging enzymc activities. RC diet was prepared by mixing with AIN-76 diet at the final concentration 2%, and it was fed to STZ-induced diabetic rats for 3 weeks. The RC dict was significantly improved body weight, feed efficiency ratio, levels of serum glucose, and serum and hepatic lipids in diabetes. The significantly elevated O type activity of xanthine oxidase in diabetes was also greatly decreased by the RC diet. The treatment of RC showed the improved hepatic glutathione s-transferase activities in the diabetic animals. The present study indicates that cheonggukjang fermented with red ginseng could ameliorate STZ-induccd diabetic symptoms such as aggravated blood glucose levels, serum lipid profiles, and even the conditions of oxidative stress.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.16-16
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• 2010

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is reported to have many pharmaceutical activities. The minor ginsenosides(Rd, Rg3, Rh2 and compound K) display pharmaceutical properties superior to those of the major ginsenosides. These minor ginsenosides, which contribute a very small percentage, are produced by hydrolysis of the sugar moieties of the major ginsenosides. The pH of red ginseng extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis decreased rapidly during 3 days of fermentation, with no further significant change thereafter. After 20 days of fermentation, a relatively small difference remained in the acidity of extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae (0.54%) and S. carlsbergensis (0.58%). Reducing sugar in the S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis extracts decreased from 25.86 to 4.54 mg/ml and 4.32 mg/ml glucose equivalents, respectively; and ethanol contents increased from 1.5% at day 0 to 16.0 and 15.0%, respectively, at 20 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, Rf, and Rg1 decreased during the fermentation with S. cerevisiae, but Rd and Rg3 increased by 12 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re and Rg1 decreased gradually in the extract with S. carlsbergensis, but Rd and Rg3 were increased at 6 days and 9 days.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.11-12
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• 2012

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.416-423
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• 2002

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.119-127
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• 2012

To investigate the influence of multi-probiotic, fermented ginseng byproduct and fermented sulfone on the performance, intestinal microflora and immunity of broiler, a five weeks trial was conducted with 340, 1-d-old $Ross{\times}Ross$ broiler. All broilers were divided into five different groups having 68 birds in each treatment, and they were assigned as control, antibiotic avilamycin (AB), multi-probiotic (MP), fermented sulfone (FS) and fermented ginseng byproduct (FGB). Each artificial or naturally derived probiotic was inoculated 0.1% level with the basal diet, and all diets were provided to birds for five weeks. Weight gain and feed intake were measured weekly basis, and blood, spleen and feces were collectedand used for the physiological properties of broiler chickens. All performances and cholesterol profiles were not significantly differed but numerically lower level of neutral fat and LDL was found in multi-probiotics and FGB treatments respectively. The salmonella spp and E. coli numbers in the ileum were high in control in relation to those of other treatments and were significantly decreased in antibiotics treatments (p<0.05). In addition, Lactobacillus spp. showed significantly higher proliferation in MP as compared to that of others (p<0.05). Fecal ammonia and $CO_2$ gas emission was significantly decreased in MP, FGB and FS, respectively (p<0.05), but significantly increased proliferation of spleen was determined in MP group in comparison of other treatments (p<0.05). Therefore, the results indicates that multi-probiotics would be valuable feed additives to improve the salmonella, E. coli and Lactobacillus proliferation, and manure gas emission of broiler chickens, but further study related to the production of manure gas emission of MP is necessary.