• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.470-478
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• 2017

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation of various ratios and storage periods of liquid brewer's yeast (LBY) mixed with cassava pulp (CVP). Methods: Four mixtures of fresh LBY and CVP were made (LBY0, LBY10, LBY20, and LBY30 for LBY:CVP at 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, and 30:70, respectively) on a fresh matter basis, in 500 g in plastic bags and stored at 30 to $32^{\circ}C$. After storage, the bags were opened weekly from weeks 0 to 4. Fermentation quality and in vitro gas production (IVGP) were determined, as well as the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin contents. Results: The contents of CP and EE increased, whereas all other components decreased, in proportion to LBY inclusion (p<0.01). The DM and OM contents gradually decreased in weeks 3 and 4 (p<0.05), while EE contents were lowest in week 0. The pH, ammonia nitrogen per total nitrogen ($NH_3-N/TN$) and V-score in each mixture and storage period demonstrated superior fermentation quality ($pH{\leq}4.2$, $NH_3-N/TN{\leq}12.5%$, and V-score>90%). The pH increased and $NH_3-N/TN$ decreased, with proportionate increases of LBY, whereas the pH decreased and $NH_3-N/TN$ increased, as the storage periods were extended (p<0.01). Although IVGP decreased in proportion to the amount of LBY inclusion (p<0.01), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was unaffected by the mixture ratios. The highest IVGP and IVOMD were observed in week 0 (p<0.01). Conclusion: The inclusion of LBY (as high as 30%) into CVP improves the chemical composition of the mixture, thereby increasing the CP content, while decreasing IVGP, without decreasing fermentation quality and IVOMD. In addition, a preservation period of up to four weeks can guarantee superior fermentation quality in all types of mixtures. Therefore, we recommend limiting the use of CVP as a feed ingredient, given its low nutritional value and improving feed quality with the inclusion of LBY.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2007

A physicochemical assessment of Doenjang (traditional fermented soyfood) prepared with Korean black soybeans (Glycine max) was carried out. The T-N rate increased slowly during storage up to 120 days and the A-N rate increased up to 80 days of ripening and then decreased slightly. The caseinolytic activity increased slowly during storage up to 80 days and then decreased after 80 days. In addition, the fibrinolytic and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activities increased up to 80 and 30 days and then decreased. Genistin and daidzin concentrations gradually decreased with increased fermentation time. However, genistein and daidzein slowly increased with fermentation time. Genistein and daidzein reached maximum concentrations (316.8 and $305.2{\mu}g/g$, respectively) and plateaued thereafter. The anthocyanins increased greatly during fermentation up to 50 days and then remained constant between 50 and 90 days. Polyphenol contents showed a slight increase up to 80 days and then slowly decreased. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities increased linearly during storage up to 50 days, reached about 28.9% and 2.17 mg/g, respectively, and then slowly decreased. At 20 days of fermentation, macrophage-stimulating activity of the extract showed a maximum activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.648-658
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• 2016

Preservation of fresh algae plays an important role in algae seed subculture and aquaculture. The determination and examination of the changes of cell viability, composition, and bacterial species during storage would help to take suitable preservation methods to prolong the preservation time of fresh algae. Nostoc flagelliforme is a kind of edible cyanobacterium with important herbal and dietary values. This article investigated the changes of bacterial species and biochemical characteristics of fresh N. flagelliforme concentrate during natural storage. It was found that the viability of cells decreased along with the storage time. Fourteen bacteria strains in the algae concentrate were identified by PCR-DGGE and were grouped into four phyla, including Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Among them, Enterococcus viikkiensis may be a concern in the preservation. Eleven volatile organic compounds were identified from N. flagelliforme cells, in which geosmin could be treated as an indicator of the freshness of N. flagelliforme. The occurrence of indole compound may be an indicator of the degradation of cells.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.44-54
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 김치의 최적 발효 온도 및 기간을 도출하고 도출된 최적 발효 온도와 기간으로부터 김치냉장고 발효 보관 모드를 개발하여, 이 신규 모드가 적용된 김치냉장고 조건에서 보관된 김치가 일반보관 모드에서 보관된 김치시료보다 차별화된 맛과 품질을 나타냄을 검증하고자 하였다. 김치 발효 온도 설정을 위해 김치내 Leuconostoc속이 Lactobacillus속보다 같은 온도에서 보다 생육증가율이 높은 온도 구간을 조사하였을 때 5, 10, $15^{\circ}C$ 구간 중 $5^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 Leuconostoc속의 생육증가율이 Lactobacillus속의 생육증가율보다 가장 높게 (5.3배) 나타났다. 이후 5, 6, $7^{\circ}C$에서 김치발효를 수행하면서 이에 따른 김치의 pH, 산도, 총유산균수, 총유산균 중 Leuconostoc속의 수, 관능평가 등으로 최적 김치 발효 온도 및 발효 기간을 도출하였다. 이로부터 최적 김치 발효 온도는 $6^{\circ}C$임을 알 수 있었다. 김치의 최적 발효일(발효종료일=유산균수 $10^8-10^9CFU/mL$+산도 약 0.40%)에 도달하는데 겨울철에는 약 4-7일, 봄 가을에는 약 3-5일이 소요되었다. 이에 따라 김치 발효 보관 모드 조건으로 발효 온도는 $6^{\circ}C$, 발효기간은 겨울철 111시간, 봄 가을철 58시간으로 설정하고, 발효 후 즉시 $-2--1^{\circ}C$에서 보관하는 것으로 설정하였다. 김치 발효 보관 모드 적용에 따른 김치특성을 조사하였을 때, 모드 적용 김치시료는 일반보관 모드( $-2--1^{\circ}C$)에서 보관된 대조구 김치시료보다 발효초기(2주)에는 산도 증가가 높게 나타났으나 장기저장 시(12주)에는 모두 비슷한 산도를 나타내었다. 총유산균수는 대조구 김치시료보다 최대 약 $10^1CFU/mL$ 더 높일 수 있고, 이때 검출되는 총유산균 중 Leuconostoc속의 수는 대조구 보다 더 높은(약 $10^1-10^2CFU/mL$) 상태로 김치저장기간 내(12주) 유지됨을 알 수 있었다. 이에 따라 모드 적용 김치시료는 단맛 및 씹었을 때 탄산미 등에 의한 청량감이 우수하여 종합적 기호도가 대조구보다 높게 평가되었다. 본 연구결과는 기존의 저온유지( $-2--1^{\circ}C$)로 발효 억제에 의한 단순 김치보관기능에서 더 나아가 최적의 김치 발효 보관 모드 기능부여로 맛있는 발효 김치 구현과 이의 오랜보관(12주)이 가능함을 시사한다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the fermentation characteristics and storage of set-type yoghurt added mugwort extracts(AME) such as pH, growth of lactic acid bacteria, number of viable cells, viscosity, and sensory characteristics during 24 hours fermentation and 15 days storage. Addition of mugwort extracts was grown rapidly of lactic acid bacteria rather than that of control and also 4 or 8% AME groups were grown similar to control. The drop of AME pH of broth was less compared with control during incubation of lactic acid bacteria. The growth of lactic acid bacteria during incubation of AME yoghurt was not different of viable cell count between AME group and control in beginning time, but the viable cell count of AME groups were increased depended opon addition quantity of AME in ending time. Addition of mugwort extracts was not affect on pH change during yoghurt fermentation and increased a lactic acid bacteria number as well as no effect of yoghurt fermentation in ending time. The viscosity of yoghurt was almost not changed 3 hours after yoghurt mix and increased rapidly 6 hours after yoghurt mix. Although control and 0.5% AME group showed maximum viscosity at 18 hours of fermentation, 1 and 2% AME group showed linear increase until 24 hours of fermentation. Mugwort did not affect pH and viable cel number of lactic acid bacteria during 15 days storage 24 hours after fermentation. Sensory evaluation of the AME yoghurt showed that flavour, texture and acid taste were not affected by addition of mugwort. However, the appearance and taste were dropped by addition of mugwort.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of different storage periods of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-fermented low moisture fresh rice straw silage. The low moisture fresh rice straw sample was inculcated with LAB and stored for different storage periods such as 45, 90, and 365 days, respectively. The low moisture fresh rice straw (LMFRS) silage inoculated with LAB exhibited reduction in pH throughout the fermentation as compared with the control (P<0.05). The lactic acid content was increased at the late fermentation period (90 and 365 days, respectively) in LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control (P<0.05). In contrast, the acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations were slightly reduced in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage sample at 90 and 365 days fermentation, respectively. Meanwhile, the non-inoculated LMFRS silage showed higher amounts of acetic acid and butyric acid at an extended fermentation with low bacterial population as compared with the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage. However, lactic acid concentration was slightly high in the non-inoculated LMFRS silage at early 45 days fermentation. Additionally, the nutrient profile such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and total digestibility nutrients (TDN) were not significantly different in control and LAB inculcated samples during all fermentation. Though, the microbial population was greater in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control. However, the massive population was noted in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage during all fermentation. It indicates that the inoculated LAB is the main reason for increasing fermentation quality in the sample through pH reduction by organic acids production. Overall results suggest that the LAB inoculums are the effective strain that could be a suitable for LMFRS silage fermentation at prolonged days.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.160-167
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• 2019

본 연구는 김치 냉장고 내에서 초기 숙성 조건을 달리한 배추김치의 저장기간에 따른 이화학적 품질특성과 소비자 기호도를 측정하여 김치냉장고의 발효 시스템 개발을 위한 기초자료로 사용하고자 진행되었다. 저장 기간이 증가함에 따라 모든 시료는 경도가 감소하였다. 젖산은 저장 2주차에는 급격히 증가하여 저장 기간 내 많은 함량을 보였다. 하지만 $-1.3^{\circ}C$에서 바로 저장한 시료는 타 시료에 비해 낮은 젖산 값을 보였다. 저장기간에 따른 젖산균의 함량은 초기 4.50 logCFU/mL에서 6.70~7.47 logCFU/mL까지 증가하였다가 5.08~6.10 logCFU/mL의 값까지 감소하였다. 소비자 기호도 평가 결과, 저장 6주차까지 초기 숙성을 거친 세 시료들의 전반적 기호도, 전반적인 맛에서 높은 기호도를 보였다. 초기 숙성 없이 바로 저장한 시료는 4주차까지 낮은 전반 기호도를 보였다. 따라서 초기 숙성 조건은 저장기간 동안의 김치의 맛과 발효 정도에 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.832-840
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the effects of storage duration and temperature on the characteristics of wet brewers grains (WBG) as feeds for ruminant animals. Four storage temperatures ($5^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$) and four durations (0, 1, 2, and 3 d) were arranged in a $4{\times}4$ factorial design. Surface spoilage, chemical composition and microorganism density were analyzed. An in vitro gas test was also conducted to determine the pH, ammonia-nitrogen and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations after 24 h incubation. Surface spoilage was apparent at higher temperatures such as $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. Nutrients contents decreased concomitantly with prolonged storage times (p<0.01) and increasing temperatures (p<0.01). The amount of yeast and mold increased (p<0.05) with increasing storage times and temperatures. As storage temperature increased, gas production, in vitro disappearance of organic matter, pH, ammonia nitrogen and total VFA from the WBG in the rumen decreased (p<0.01). Our results indicate that lower storage temperature promotes longer beneficial use period. However, when storage temperature exceeds $35^{\circ}C$, WBG should be used within a day to prevent impairment of rumen fermentation in the subtropics such as Southeast China, where the temperature is typically above $35^{\circ}C$ during summer.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2004

This study was aimed to determine the accumulation of free fatty acid by mesophilic lactic acid bac-teria (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 1471, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris 1000 and Lactobacillus casei 111) in cold-stored milk. According to the results, all cold-stored milks had higher acid degree val-ues than those of fresh milk. This phenomenon showed that a slight increase occurred in the accumulation of free fatty acids as a result of spontaneous lipolysis during cold storage. All lactic acid bacteria showed good performance in production of titratable acidity, which increased during fermentation of the milk (fresh and stored milks). Moreover, as the storage time was prolonged, more free fatty acid accumulation was obtained from the fermentation of the cold-stored milk by the investigated lactic acid bacteria. The control milk, which was without lactic acid bacteria, showed no change in the accumulation of free fatty acid during fermentation. From this result, it can be suggested that longer cold-storage time can induce higher free fatty acid accumulation in milk by lactic acid bacteria.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.423-428
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• 2003

발효시간에 따른 증편의 기계적, 관능적 품질특성을 저장기간 동안 평가하였다. 증편의 높이와 부피는 1차 발효 240분, 2차 발효 60분, 3차 발효 30분을 한 E 시료가 가장 높아 발효가 잘 된 것으로 나타났고 물성특성의 경우 전통적으로 제조한 시료보다 발효시간을 단축시킨 시료들이 유의적으로 견고성이 낮았고 저장기간의 증가에 따라 그 값이 증가하여 증편이 단단하게 경화되는 것으로 나타났다. 기계적 색도의 경우 명도는 E 시료가 가장 높았으며 저장에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 관능적 품질의 경우 부풀기의 정도, 부드러운 정도, 촉촉한 정도는 E 시료가 가장 높게 나왔다. 증편의 높이, 부피, 명도, 부풀기의 정도, 부드러운 정도, 촉촉한 정도에서 가장 높은 수치를 나타낸 E 시료가 가장 바람직한 것으로 나타났다.