• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.544-547
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• 1999

The object of this study was to determine the influence of monensin and virginiamycin (VM) on in vitro ruminal fermentation of rice straw or ammoniated rice straw. Rumen fluid was collected from 4 wethers fed 200 g of concentrate supplement with 400 g of untreated (U) or ammoniated (A) rice straw once daily for 28 days. Mixed ruminal microorganisms were incubated in anaerobic media that contained 20% (vol/vol) ruminal fluid and 0.3 g of either U or A rice straw. Monensin and/or VM, dissolved in ethanol, were added in centrifuge tubes at final concentrations of 0, 15, 30, 15+15 and 30+30 ppm of culture fluid. The addition of monensin and VM combination to A rice straw fermentation decreased (p<0.05) the acetate to propionate ratio, total VFA and lactate production, but increased (p<0.05) pH. Total gas production tended to be decreased by the addition of monensin plus VM. Antimicrobial agents decreased $NH_3$ N concentration and dry matter digestibility.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.38-44
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• 2017

Mulberry leaves containing 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) have been recognized as a potentially important source for prevent or treat hyperglycemia. However, DNJ content of natural mulberry leaf are as low as 0.1%. Thus, the most effective method for increasing ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the DNJ high-production is needed. In this study, we investigated the influence of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity according to different pH values (6-9) and inoculation amounts (0.1-0.5%) when Bacillus subtilis cultured on mulberry leaf powder media. We confirmed that ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was difference according to culture conditions of different pH values, inoculation amounts, and fermentation times. The results of mulberry leaf fermentation according to pH values and inoculation amounts were shown that the optimal conditions for ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity were defined as pH 7 and 9, inoculation amount 0.4%, and incubation until 2 to 4 days. These results can be provided a basic data for the optimal culture conditions increasing ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity from mulberry leaf fermentation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.311-314
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• 1987

High-level yeast inocula was investigated as a means of overcoming the inhibition problem in ethanol fermentation of hemicellulose hydrolyzate. When the inoculum exceeded 25g dry cells/liter, the fermentation proceeded completely to the end within 24 hours. Furfural was taken up by Pachysolen tannophilus and catabolized to furfuryl alcohol. Thus inhibitory effect of furfural component was less adverse toward ethanol production than that of non-furfural components in hemicellulose hydrolyzate. The specific ethanol productivity in the fermentation of hemicellulose hydrolyzate was 14% of that of simulated media containing 41.8g xylose and 2.3g furfural per liter.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.191-196
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• 1981

In order to utilize the Koryangju distillers' grain for the acetic acid fermentation, the extracting methods and effects of the extracts on the fermentations were investigated. The result obtained are as follows. 1. Cold extracting method by which the distillers grain is extracted with 3 times of water for 60 hours at room temperature was better than hot extracting method in terms of the fermentation rate and the quality of vinegar product. 2. Optimum conditions and some results of surface fermentation based on the medium added by the extracts are as follows, optimum amount of the extracts to be added to the medium is 20-30% of total media; acetic acid production rate at log phase was 0.16g/100$m\ell$, hr.; recovery was 91.17%; and the time of 40 hours was required for the completion of fermentation. 3. Organoleptic quality of the vinegar which is produced by adding the extracts was superior to two commercial products examined.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.561-565
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• 2005

In this study, we attempted to assess the effects of lactate and com steep liquor (CSL) on the production of bacterial cellulose (BC) by Gluconacetobacter persimmonis $KJ145^T$. The optimal condition for the production of BC was a lactate concentration of 1% (w/v) and a CSL concentration of 10% (w/v). Under these optimal conditions, 6 days of fermentation produced 6.90 g/L of BC. Both the BC production yield and cell growth increased continuously until the 20th day of fermentation, by which time 17.0 g/L had been produced. In a static culture trial, in which plastic containers were used as fermentation chambers for 6 days of fermentation, the BC production yield in the group initially cultured with 500 mL medium was higher than that of the 750 and 1000 mL media. In addition, the texture of the BC was examined according to its post-treatment in order to determine conditions for optimal textural characteristics. The strength, hardness, and other characteristics of the BC were negatively correlated with sucrose concentration, but were largely positively correlated with NaCl concentration. With regards to the effect of pH on textural change, BC strength and hardness were elevated at pH 2 and 8 but reduced at pH 4 and 6, indicating that the texture of the BC is extremely sensitive to treatment conditions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.826-831
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• 2012

Acarbose, a pseudo-oligosaccharide, is widely used clinically in therapies for non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In the present study, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) was added to selected media in order to investigate its effect on acarbose fermentation by Actinoplanes utahensis ZJB-08196. Acarbose titer was seen to increase markedly when concentrations of SAM were added over a period of time. The effects of glucose and maltose on the production of acarbose were investigated in both batch and fed-batch fermentation. Optimal acarbose production was observed at relatively low glucose levels and high maltose levels. Based on these results, a further fed-batch experiment was designed so as to enhance the production of acarbose. Fed-batch fermentation was carried out at an initial glucose level of 10 g/l and an initial maltose level of 60 g/l. Then, 12 h post inoculation, 100 ${\mu}mol/l$ SAM was added. In addition, 8 g/l of glucose was added every 24 h, and 20 g/l of maltose was added at 96 h. By way of this novel feeding strategy, the maximum titer of acarbose achieved was 6,113 mg/l at 192 h. To our knowledge, the production level of acarbose achieved in this study is the highest ever reported.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Oriental Medical Informatics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the perceived image of nurses on major and non-major students. Methods: The subjects were 120 nursing school students and 120 other university students in J province. The data was collected by using structured questionnaire. T-test, ANOVA were performed by SPSS/PC 20.0. Results: The score for image of nurses was as follows. special image($3.86{\pm}0.51$), traditional image($3.71{\pm}0.53$), individual image($3.53{\pm}0.85$), social image($3.43{\pm}0.58$), and grand mean($3.66{\pm}0.48$). Perceived image of nurses was significant difference between students of a major and non-major(t=6.390, p<.001). Conclusion: It is needed to monitoring of media for the improvement the perceived image of nurses and also nurses have to try to make an individual role model.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.403-408
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• 2001

Distillation condensate generated from downstream processing of microbial alcohol fermentation imposes a serious burden to biological wastewater treatment or anaerobic digestion due to its high contents of SS (suspended solids) and TN (total nitrogen), A pilot scale microfiltration of the stillage condensate with a stainless steel SCEPTER membrane of 0.1 ${\mu}$m pore size was carried out to remove SS which was mostly composed of microbial cell residue. A stable permeate flux was achieved when the decanter effluent containing 0.7% of SS was filtered under the conditions of X10 VCR (volume concentration ratio), 2.5 bar of TMP (transmembrane pressure), and 60$^{\circ}C$. When stillage condensate with 2.6% SS was treated directly with microfiltration, VCR below X3 was recommended for a long duration of filtration. The permeate and retentate obtained from microfiltration were recycled to make-up medium of fermentation. Adding permeate or retentate up to 30% of fermentation volume showed no distinguished undesirable influence during the course of alcohol fermentation. Although only slight improvements in the final amount of CO$_2$ evolution and alcohol content were observed, fermentation rate increased so that the required time to reach 450 L/ton of CO$_2$ evolution was shortened to 72% of that with normal media.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.329-334
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• 1986

Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis H 14 strain was cultured in 4 different fermentation M-media and then measured the rates of their growths and the productions of endotoxin crystals front the media. Out of the four M-media the production of endotoxin crystals and spores was maximal in M-4 medium (pH 9). The wet weight of the cells grown in the 150$m{\ell}$ culture was approximately 3.901g and the number of viable spores was 1.53$\times$10$^{12}$ per nil and the ratio of the endotoxin over the total cell weight was 18.54%. The generation time was about 89.3 minutes in the M-1 medium, 124.1 minutes in the M-2, 97 minutes in the M-3, 130.8 minutes in the M-4. The proper pHs for the production of the endotoxin appeared to be 6.5 to 7.5.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2001

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of sources and the addition levels of carbohydrates on fermentation characteristics, bacterial growth, and hydrogenation of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) by mixed ruminal bacteria. Starch and cellobiose were added to the 200 ml non-selective basal media at the levels of 0.20 and 0.35% (w/v), respectively. Linoleic acid (66.8~79.6 mg) in the absorbed form into the pieces of nylon cloth was also added to the media of 5 treatments including control which was not added with carbohydrate. Three mls of rumen fluid strained through 12 layers of cheese cloth were added to each medium, and were incubated anaerobically in the shaking incubator of $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. During 24 h incubation the pH in incubation media of all treatments was maintained above 6.6 by the addition of sodium bicarbonate. The pH and ammonia concentration of incubation media were not clearly influenced by the sources and addition levels of carbohydrates while additions of carbohydrates increased (p<0.0001) VFA concentration at the 24 h incubation. Molar proportions of acetate were reduced (p<0.0004) while those of propionate were increased (p<0.0006) by the addition of carbohydrates. But the differences in concentration and molar proportions of the VFA were small between the sources or the addition levels. Bacterial growth was faster (p<0.0004) in the starch added treatments than in the cellobiose added ones and control, but no differences were found between addition levels. Increased (p<0.0487) hydrogenation was observed from the starch added treatments compared to the cellobiose added ones, but there was no difference between addition levels.