• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 2012

Traditional village forests called Dangsan forests and Bibo forests in Korea represent an unique cultural landscape with a history of more than several hundred years. Feng-shui forest in China, Satoyama and Shinto shrine forest in Japan are recognized internationally as 'traditional ecological landscapes'. Dangsan forests and Bibo forests have been preserved through generations in the villages, and are no less valuable than Feng-shui forest, and Satoyama. However, the names of Dangsan forest and Bibo forest have not been well recognized worldwide. Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri, Wando-gun is located on a mountain slope at a riparian forest. It consists of an evergreen broadleaf forest and Carpinus laxiflora forest. The characteristics of Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri could be found at 10 sacrifice offering places. Two Dangsan trees on the coastal area are included in the sacrifice offering places. Cultural heritage can retain their value when they are fully sustained. Additional construction, demolition or modification should be banned. Furthermore, all means must be taken to facilitate the preservation of monuments and the value and meanings pertaining to them should not be distorted. In a respect of authenticity, Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri, Wando-gun seems to have original Dangsan culture based on animism with a philosophic background, where a religious service for the mountain god is held at rock of mountain god, and Dangsan ritual is held at shrine on January 8 at 4:00 am by lunar calendar. Relating to the conservation and management of cultural heritage in international discussion, the importance is that whether there is sustainability on the right to the enjoyment of cultural heritage. Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri is leaved alone to the public. The forest need a social mechanism to support the recovery of deformed shrine and to heighten public awareness of Dangsan forest in order to claim the value as a unique traditional ecological landscape in Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2819-2822
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• 2012

Objective: To assess induction effects of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) on lung cancer in rats. Methods: A lung cancer animal model was developed through repeated intratracheal injection of Cpn (TW-183) into the lungs of rats, with or without exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (Bp). Cpn antibodies (Cpn-IgA, -IgG, and -IgM) in serum were measured by microimmunofluorescence. Cpn-DNA or Cpn-Ag of rat lung cancer was detected through polymerase chain reaction or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The prevalence of Cpn infection was 72.9% (35/48) in the Cpn group and 76.7% (33/43) in the Cpn plus benzo(a)pyrene (Bp) group, with incidences of lung carcinomas in the two groups of 14.6% (7/48) and 44.2% (19/43), respectively (P-values 0.001 and <0.000 compared with normal controls). Conclusions: A rat model of lung carcinoma induced by Cpn infection was successfully established in the laboratory for future studies on the treatment, prevention, and mechanisms of the disease.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-113
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• 1987

The landscape structure of the both pre-industrial and industrial cities should be influenced to the topographical feature , religious thoughts, political ruling system and history. In the major socio-cultural factors in the pre-industrial townscapes in korea, the Feng - Shui(poongsu) which is an acient human settlement organization system based on the “Yin - Yang” principle and “Five Elements” and “Chryaegogong”system were the most important factors to the formation of traditional town scape in Korea. The landscape during the Japanese colonial periods were basically reorganized through change of “Boundary”, “Center” “Direction(path)” and “Domain” which were expressed by distinct traditional townscape in Yi dynasty. The physical shapes, meanings and behaviors of townscape were expressed properly of the intention of the colonization. As changes to the mordern industrial cities, the townscape had been amended landscape elements of the Japanese imperialism to an ideology of rebirth nation. Also as changes to the modern industrial cities, “Boundary”, “Center”, and “Domain” spreaded into the suburbs by funtionalsm and these were expressed an incoherent value system which were the advancement of growth, pursuit policies as well as an advancement of science techniques.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.10-18
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to discover the meaning of water and traditional water space by the literature review and field study of the water space in Korea. The water and water space were symbolized by mythology, elm-yang-oh-hang, feng-shui, taoism and confucian ideas, buddhism, shin-sun ideas, shijo and landscape panting. That is, the symbolic meanings of water and water space are melt in arts and thoughts. According to literature review and field study, the water and water space represent symbolic meanings, integration with nature, reflection of nature, territoriality, role of boundary, purgation, centralization and practical application.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.21-36
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• 2004

Most of the studies on Confucian Architecture dealt with the administrative system and typification. The study was about the outline buildings of the Architecture. However, specific view of personal architecture is limited. The aim of this study is to clarify the idea of Seonbi, Confucian Scholars in Choson Dynasty, in building the second house, Byul-Seo Architecture. The Byul-Seo was used to Jang-Su(藏修) for training oneself and teaching his students, and You-Sik(遊息) for strolling the surrounding of nature. The Byel-Seo in Bogil-do by Gosan Yoon, Sun-Do is influenced not only by the idea of Confucianism which is 'knowing through by approaching to object(格物致知)', but also by Feng-shui and Taoism. From the idea of Gosan Yoon, Sun-Do in Byul-Seo Architecture, ecology and spirit of the times must applied to our modern architecture.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.185-191
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• 2003

Walled town was located on the axis connecting symbolic places, which was a feng-shui lucky place of a mountain sits to the rear and a body of water sits to the front. It represents environmental development of cultural space by blend of folk belief, religion, social system, administration facilities and living culture buildings. Therefore it is sustainable cultural view connected of formed or formless religious view and artificial view(wall, government buildings, living houses, and cultivated land so on) in a nature landscape. Environmental design technique, enlarging its meaning and value of living to mental level was founded from space composition and settlement, which was constructed organized space of government and residence area of walled town within the wall for looking for lucky place(from best, better, and good places) in order to construct ecological network (天+地+人, 山＋水＋方位＋人, 地理＋生利＋山水＋人心) by outlook of space and settlement.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.35-42
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• 2023

This study investigated and analyzed the village space and architectural characteristics of Eoeun Village, Samgye-myeon, Imsil-gun, Jeonbuk. The space of the village was formed based on the idea of feng shui, and the Confucian hierarchical idea determined the location, size, and structure of the building. Recently, clan villages in rural areas have been dismantled and damaged due to population outflow and urbanization. In this situation, Eoeun Village, which preserves the traditional space and residential form at the time of the village's creation, is considered to be worth preserving and studying.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to establish a model of cultural sustainability in the traditional village. Cultural sustainability is being advanced by promoting the viability of traditional arts and the unique regional features of traditional culture, such as folklore, traditional landscapes, buildings and other environments of outstanding historical value. These cultural resources were also created or occurred at specific geographic locations at certain points in time by different individuals. The content of this study was to develop a model using indicators for cultural sustainability, and to apply and evaluate the model. In older to evaluate the model, Sonwon-ri village in Yongchon, located in Kyungsangbuk-do, was selected as the case study area. The major findings are as follows: 1) Sonwon-ri village has maintained the vernacular landscape except at the entrance of village. Also, the village people have pride and have adapted to the natural environment. 2) Sonwon-ri village has a self-sustaining system and circular network within its environmental capacity. Sonwon-ri village has many historical sites and buildings such as important folk resources, cultural assets, traditional houses and pavilions. 3) The people how the theory of fens-shui which interprets the location of village in relationship to a crane mountain with the village situated as a crane head. These symbolic and cultural elements have an important role in establishing the boundary of the village. From the research it can be seen that Sonwon-ri village kept many cultural sustainability indicators in terms of active factors, physical factors and psychological factors. By analysing the participation of different scientific disciplines and identifying disciplinary categories, this study provides a basis for understanding how cultural sustainability is subjected to research in the field of landscape planning and design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

This study was designed to come up with a way of managing a cultural landscape forest by conducting research on the vegetation structure and growth characteristics. This study's target site, which was 45,201㎡ in size, was Pinus densiflora forest for Sugumagi placed at the entrance of Unmun Temple, Sinwon-ri, Unmun-myeon, and Cheongdo-gun in the southernmost part of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Sugumagi means the water of the valley flows far away, and where no downstream is visible according to feng shui. The historical sources of the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest at the entrance of Unmun Temple isn't clear. It waw only found at that location. The Pinus densiflora forest at the entrance of Unmun Temple is located in the waterway in terms of Feng Shui. The present condition of growth was investigated through a grid surveys of 98 trees and Pinus densiflora growth. As a result of the analysis of growth status, Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis, Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, and Rhus javanica were distributed in the conopy layer, and 28 species including Ailanthus altissima were grown in the understroy layer, and 92 species, including Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, in the shrub layer. The plant community structure was divided into low, medium and high-density Pinus densiflora forests in the study area, based on the number in the conopy layer and the grade of and the trees analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the Pinus densiflora dominated the low, medium and high-density Pinus densiflora forests, and there were no competitive species. The relative dominance of the low-density Pinus densiflora forests was 46.9% on average, medium-density was 62.6% and 50.2% was found in high-density. The mean species diversity of Shannon in the low-density study was 0.7055, medium-density study was 0.8966 and the average species diversity of Shannon in the high-density study was 0.8317. The analysis of the age and growth of 25 sample trees in the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest shows that the distribution of the chest diameter (DBH) of the sample Pinus densiflora is 38 to 77cm with the average chest diameter being 61.1cm. The age was 84-161 years and the average was 114 years. In the Pinus densiflora forest, most(670,659, or 98.3%) of the tree trunk wound was collected for rosins during the Japanese colonia Era, Of the total 670, 659 were Pinus densiflora, 98.3% of the total. 394 were surgically repaired in 2005. For the preservation of the Sugumagi Pinus densiflora forest, dead trees should be replaced with substitute trees appropriate to the middle and south topography. It is demanded that foreign species such as Larix leptolepis in the research area should be removed and Pinus densiflora that underwent surgical operations should be regularly sterilized. It is also emphasized that the management of insecticide is important.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.321-340
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• 2007

In this thesis we have examined the concrete forms and periodic tendency changes of eup-settlements, local administrative town, locations within 91 districts in 71 counties of Gyeongsang province. First of all, we have analyzed the overall conditions of eup-settlement locations in Joseon Dynasty under the criterion of topography, feng-shui, and scenery image of the mountains at the back. Then we looked into alterations of location forms mainly of the eup-settlement in which the exact time of migration can be identified and cities which have the evident dates of construction. To sum up, the result is as follows. Firstly, the concrete form of eup-settlement locations in Joseon Dynasty are usually built up in traditional ways, however, quite a few unconventional ones also existed. Secondly, the town castles constructed at the end of Goryeo Dynasty period and before 1430's are hardly related to the traditional location format of Joseon Dynasty, yet the ones constructed after 1430's were mostly in the typical location format. Thirdly, the old eup-settlements established before 1425 are scarcely in the typical location form of Joseon dynasty, but the new eup-settlement established after 1425 were mostly in the typical location forms.