• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.4 s.96
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• pp.261-266
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• 2001

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) on soil microbial processes were studied in a northern peatland. Intact peat cores with surface vegetation were collected from a northern Welsh fen, and incubated either under elevated carbon dioxide (700 ppm) or ambient carbon dioxide (350 ppm) conditions for 4 months. Higher algal biomass was found under the elevated $CO_2$ condition, suggesting $CO_2$ fertilization effect on primary production, At the end of the incubation, trace gas production and consumption were analyzed using chemical inhibitors. For methane ($CH_4$ ), methyl fluoride ($CH_3F$) was applied to determine methane oxidation rates, while acetylene ($C_2H_2$) blocking method were applied to determine nitrification and denitrification rates. First, we have adopted those methods to optimize the reaction conditions for the wetland samples. Secondly, the methods were applied to the samples incubated under two levels of $CO_2$. The results exhibited that elevated carbon dioxide increased both methane production (210 vs. $100\;ng\;CH_4 g^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$) and oxidation (128 vs. $15\;ng\;CH_4 g^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$), resulting in no net increase in methane flux. For nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) , elevated carbon dioxide enhanced nitrous oxide emission probably from activation of nitrification process rather than denitrification rates. All of these changes seemed to be substantially influenced by higher oxygen diffusion from enhanced algal productivity under elevated $CO_2$.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.10
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• pp.175-200
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• 2004

Bei verschiedenen $Gespr\"{a}chen$ zwischen Frauen und $M\"{a}nnern$ sind mehrere Unterschiede in $Gespr\"{a}chsstrategien$ und -verhalten des jeweiligen Geschlechts zu beobachten. Herkemmlichen Ansichten nach $f\"{u}hrten$ $M\"{a}inner$ $Gespr\"{a}iche$ mit Frauen eher dominativ, $w\"{a}hrend$ Frauen eine deutliche Vorliebe $f\"{u}r$ kooperativ erlaufende $Gespr\"{a}che$ zeigen. Um die $G\"{u}ltigkeit$ dieser Perspektive zu $pr\"{u}fen$, wurden in dieser Albeit insgesamt $zw\"{o}lf$ Beratungsgesprache herangezogen. Daraus ergab sich, dass $M\"{a}nner$ im $Gespr\"{a}ich$ statistisch $h\"{a}ufiger$ die anderen $Gespr\"{a}chsteilnehmer$ unterbrechen. Da ein $Gespr\"{a}ch$ ein komplex vernetztes soziales Geschehen ist, sollte diese Statistik bei der Bestimmung der $Gespr\"{a}chsverhalten$ von zwei Geschiechtern keine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Im Anschluss daran habe ich mick mit Hilfe einiger im Internet gesammelten Daten, mit den $Gesp\"{a}chsverhalten$ bei der so genannten Online-Kommunikation befasst. Bei der Online-Kommunikation lassen sich zwei kontrastive verbale $Umg\"{a}nge$ der Geschlechtern beobachten, $n\"{a}mlich$ ein reibungslos ablaufendes IRC(Internet Relay Chatting) und eine $auff\"{a}llige$ Debatte, die mehrfache Konflikte zwischen den Beteiligten zeigt. Um diese $Ph\"{a}nomene$ auf der Basis der $Gespr\"{a}chsanalyse$ zu $erl\"{a}utern$, werden vol allem das Konzept der Kooperation beim $Gespr\"{a}ch$ und die Dynamik der $Gespr\"{a}chsstruktur$ erneut begriffen. $Schlie{\ss}lich$ werden die unterschiedlichen $Gespr\"{a}chsverhalten$ von Frauen und $M\"{a}nnern$ folgend wiedergegeben: Bei realen Face-To-Face-$Gespr\"{a}chen$ setzen Frauen den Schwerpunkt auf die emotionale und interaktive Kooperation, $w\"{a}hrend$ Manner ihn auf die kognitive Kooperation setzen. Dieser Sachverhait $\"{a}ndert$ sich aber bei der Online-Kommunikation. Auch Manner halten die emotionale und interaktive Kooperation $f\"{u}r$ wichtig und $f\"{u}hren$ mehr kooperative und reibungslose $Gespr\"{a}iche$ mit Frauen. Doch in einer Debatte um ein Thema $verh\"{a}lt$ sich jeder Beteiligte anders. Die moisten benutzen die Strategien, die den geringen Unterschied zwischen den Geschlechtern in Anfangsbedingungen $vergr\"{o}{\ss}ern$, und gleichzeitig die individuellen Unterschiede zwischen demselben Geschiecht verschleichen. Dadurch kann eine Debatte zwischen Geschlechten in Streit ohne Kompromisse geraten.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.6081-6084
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• 2013

Objective: Both estrogen receptors, ER alpha ($ER{\alpha}$) and ER beta ($ER{\beta}$), are expressed in 50-70% of breast cancer cases. The role of $ER{\alpha}$ as a prognostic marker in breast cancer has been well established as its expression is negative correlated with tumor size and lymph node metastasis. $ER{\beta}$ is also a favorable prognostic predictor although this is less well documented than for $ER{\alpha}$. Materials and Methods: To explore whether ERs independently or together might influence clinical outcome in breast cancer, the correlation between the ERs with the clinicopathological features was analyzed in 84 patients. Results: $ER{\alpha}$ expression negatively correlated with tumor stage (r=-0.246, p=0.028) and tended to be negatively correlated with lymph node status (r=-0.156, p=0.168) and tumor size (r=-0.246, p=0.099). Also, $ER{\beta}$ was negatively correlated with nodal status (r=-0.243, p=0.028), as was coexpression of $ER{\alpha}$ and $ER{\beta}$ (p=0.043, OR=0.194, 95% CI= 0.040-0.953). Conclusion: Coexpression of ERs might serve as an indicator of good prognosis in breast cancer patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1749-1752
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• 2012

Colorectal cancer (CRC), now the third most common cancer across the world, is known to aggregate in families. USP7 is a very important protein with an important role in regulating the p53 pathway, which is critical for genomic stability and tumor suppression. We here genotyped eight SNPs within the USP7 gene and conducted a case-control study in 312 CRC patients and 270 healthy subjects in the Chinese Han population. No significant associations were found for any single SNP and CRC risk. Our data eliminate USP7 as a potential candidate gene towards for CRC in the Han Chinese population.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.368-376
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of lycopene on the migration, adhesion, tube formation capacity, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) activity of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) cultivated with high glucose (HG) and as well as explore the mechanism behind the protective effects of lycopene on peripheral blood EPCs. MATERIALS/METHODS: Mononuclear cells were isolated from human peripheral blood by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. EPCs were identified after induction of cellular differentiation. Third generation EPCs were incubated with HG (33 mmol/L) or 10, 30, and $50{\mu}g/mL$ of lycopene plus HG. MTT assay and flow cytometry were performed to assess proliferation and apoptosis of EPCs. EPC migration was assessed by MTT assay with a modified boyden chamber. Adhesion assay was performed by replating EPCs on fibronectin-coated dishes, after which adherent cells were counted. In vitro vasculogenesis activity was assayed by Madrigal network formation assay. Western blotting was performed to analyze protein expression of both phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated p38 MAPK. RESULTS: The proliferation, migration, adhesion, and in vitro vasculogenesis capacity of EPCs treated with 10, 30, and $50{\mu}g/mL$ of lycopene plus HG were all significantly higher comapred to the HG group (P < 0.05). Rates of apoptosis were also significantly lower than that of the HG group. Moreover, lycopene blocked phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in EPCs (P < 0.05). To confirm the causal relationship between MAPK inhibition and the protective effects of lycopene against HG-induced cellular injury, we treated cells with SB203580, a phosphorylation inhibitor. The inhibitor significantly inhibited HG-induced EPC injury. CONCLUSIONS: Lycopene promotes proliferation, migration, adhesion, and in vitro vasculogenesis capacity as well as reduces apoptosis of EPCs. Further, the underlying molecular mechanism of the protective effects of lycopene against HG-induced EPC injury may involve the p38 MAPK signal transduction pathway. Specifically, lycopene was shown to inhibit HG-induced EPC injury by inhibiting p38 MAPKs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.811-816
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• 2013

Background: Pervious studies suggested occupational workers exposure to pentachlorophenol (PCP) might contribute to increased risk of cancer. However, few studies have focused on associations between PCP and cancer risk at the community level. Objective: The present study was to explore the cancer risk for the community population living long-term in a PCP contaminated area. Methods: All the cancer cases diagnosed in 2009-2011 in Tongling City were collected. The cancer patients' residencies were geo-referenced in each district. The historical PCP usage for each district of Tongling was calculated as the PCP pollution index, which was further used to divide into PCP exposure categories. Standardized rate ratios (SRRs) of cancer incidence were applied to detect the cancer risk as exposure grade elevated. Correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between PCP pollution and cancer incidence. Results: A total of 5,288 cancer cases (3,451 male and 1,837 female) were identified. PCP usage was correlated with the incidence of leukemia (r=0.88, P=0.002) for males, and with cancer of the esophagus for males (r=0.83, P=0.008) and females (r=0.71, P=0.020). Compared with the low exposure category, significant SRRs for total cancer sites was obtained for high PCP exposure category (SRR=1.61, 95%CI=1.59-1.62). Most SRR values of the cancer sites were significantly increased as exposure grade elevated and exposure time extended. Conclusion: The present study found that community residents living in the PCP contaminated area had increased risk of cancers. Leukemias, lymphomas and nasopharyngeal and esophageal cancers are most possibly associated with PCP exposure.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.185-187
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• 2009

The prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection among preschool children was reported to be low based on a 5-year screening program in Taipei City, Taiwan. The Taipei City government intended to terminate the E. vermicularis screening program among preschool children. Thus, we were entrusted with confirming whether pinworm infections among preschool children in Taipei City had truly declined. From each of 12 administrative districts 2-3 kindergartens were randomly selected for investigation. In total, 4,349 children were examined, of which 2,537 were boys and 1,812 were girls. The cellophane tape adhered to a glass slide was used, and all examinations were done by certified medical technologists. Results indicated that the overall prevalence rate of pinworm infections was 0.62% (27/4,349). Although the infection rate was higher among boys (0.67%, 17/2,537) than in girls (0.55%, 10/1,812), no significant difference was found ($X^2$=0.399, P=0.62). According to the administrative district, the infection rate ranged from no positive cases of E. vermicularis infection in the Xinyi, Zhongzhen, and Wanhua Districts (0%; 0/299, 0/165, and 0/358, respectively), to 0.26% (1/131) in Songshan District, with the highest rate of 1.88% (7/373) in Wenshan District. Because the overall infection rate (0.62%, 27/4,349) in the present study was unchanged compared to that (0.40%, 197/49,541) previously reported in 2005, we propose that regular pinworm screening and treatment programs should be continued in some parts of Taipei City.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.355-362
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• 2011

Bog bean (Menyanthes trifoliata L.) is an endangered species in Korea and a perennial macrophyte with long rhizome, inhabiting in oligotrophic fen or edges of montane lakes. To decide appropriate substrate type for restoration of this plant, we investigated the effect of substrates (e.g. water, Sphagnum mat, paddy soil) on growth of bog bean. There were two water conditions on paddy soils: saturated and flooded. We planted 10cm rhizome in mesocosms and measured coverage, leaf area, leaf number and rhizome biomass. Bog bean growed until August in water and Sphagnum mat and until October in paddy soil. Rhizome biomass at the end of November were 49, 77, 239, and 312g in water, Sphagnum mat, paddy soil with water saturated, and paddy soil with water flooded conditions, respectively. The results indicate that bog bean can grow better in paddy soil which have higher nutrient than water or Sphagnum mat which represents natural habitat condition of bog bean. This reveals that actual ecological niche of bog bean is different from fundamental ecological niche in substrate. For successful restoration of bog bean in nutrient rich area, it is necessary to know the competitiveness of bog bean in various substrate conditions.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.7
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• pp.85-104
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• 2003

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die deutschen Satzmodelle $f\"{u}r$ Zwecke des DaF-Unterrichts in Korea untersucht. Dabei gehen wir davon aus, dass man die deutschen Satzmodelle vergleichend mit den koreanischen neu aufbauen sollte, um sie im Deutschunterricht fur Koraner recht benutzen zu konnen. Dafur haben wir hier zunachst untersucht, wie man die koreanischen Satzmodelle im Hinblick auf den didaktischen Zweck modifizieren muss. Unter $Ber\"{u}cksichtigung$ des dabei erzielten Ergebnisses wurden $anschlie{\ss}end$end die deutschen Satzmodelle rekonstruiert. Im Koreanischen wurden die Satzmodelle ab Ende der 1960er Jahre verschiedenartig untersucht. Zwar gibt es bisher noch keine Arbeit, die Ergebnisse dieser Forschungen zusammenfasst, dennoch versuchen wir hier aus einigen bisherigen Untersuchungen einen begrenzten Rahmen von koreanischen Satzmodellen herauszufinden. Als Resultat haben wir funf grundlegende Satzmolle hergestellt: (1) Subjekt + $Pr\"{a}dikat$, (2) Subjekt + $Pr\"{a}dikativ$ + $Pr\"{a}dikat$, (3) Subjekt + Objektiv + $Pr\"{a}dikat$, (4) Subjekt + Adverbiale + $Pr\"{a}dikat$, (5) Subjekt + Obj. + Obj./$Pr\"{a}dikativ$/Advb. + $Pr\"{a}dikat$. Das Modell (1) $umfa{\ss}t$ drei $Pr\"{a}dikate$, die sich nach den Wortarten unterscheiden: (intransitives) Verb, Adjektiv und Substantiv. Auch beim Fall (5) $k\"{o}nnen$ drei verschiedene Untermodelle nach der $Kombinationsm\"{o}glichkeit$ auftreten: Sub + Obj. + $Pr\"{a}d$., Sub. + Obj. + $Pr\"{a}dikativ$ + $Pr\"{a}d$., Sub. + Obj. + Advb. + $Pr\"{a}d$. Auch im Deutschen kann man ahnlich wie im Koreanischen didaktisch geeignete Satzmodelle herausarbeiten. Auch dabei wurden bisherige Untersuchungen zu den deutschen Satzmodellen herangewgen. Zu der $d\"{a}fur$ $ausgew\"{a}hlten$ Terminologie $geh\"{o}ren$ Subjekt(S), $Pr\"{a}dikat(P)$, $Pr\"{a}dkativerganzung(PE)$, $Objekterg\"{a}nzung(OE)$, $Adverbialerg\"{a}nzung(AE)$. In der deutschen Sprache werden nach den $Valenzm\"{o}glich­keiten$ des $Pr\"{a}dikativteils$ folgende Modelle unterschieden: S + P, S + P + PE, S + P + OE, S + P + AE, S + P + OE + OE/PE/AE. Unter die OE werden okk. OE, dat. OE, $pr\"{a}d$. OE, refl. OE usw. subsumiert. Um die Stichhaltigkeit der in dieser Schrift neu festgestellten Satzmodelle zu $\"{u}berpr\"{u}fen$, sollten sie anhand eines Textkorpus heutiger Texte in weiteren Untersuchungen validiert werden. Ferner ist es zu empfehlen, die Anwendbarkeit der hier vorgestellten Satzrnodelle im Deutschunterricht $f\"{u}r$ Koreaner $gr\"{u}ndlich$ zu testen

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2005

Antioxidative activity of crude saponin fraction (CSF) prepared from Basidiomycota cultured with fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) as substrate was investigated by analyzing CSFs for ginsenoside and phenolic compounds. On TLC chromatogram, ginsenosides such as $Rg_{2},\;Rg_{3}$, and $Rh_{1}$ which were rare in fresh ginseng, were identified. CSF of Phellinus linteus culture product showed the highest total phenolic content and electron donating ability (EDA), suggesting phenolic compounds contribute to EDA. In vitro lipid peroxidation was inhibited most by CSF of Ganoderma lucidum, indicating that the highest EDA does not imply highest inhibition against lipid peroxidation. Tyrosinase was also inhibited mostly by CSF of G. lucidum. These results suggest culture of Basidiomycota with fresh ginseng has more active substances than fresh ginseng alone.