• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.229-229
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• 2010

With the scaling down of ultra large integrated circuits (ULSI) to the sub-50 nm technology node, the need for an ultra-thin, continuous and conformal diffusion barrier and Cu seed layer is increasing. However, diffusion barrier and Cu seed layer formation with a physical vapor deposition (PVD) method has become difficult as the technology node is reduced to 30 nm and beyond. Recent work on self-forming barrier processes using PVD Cu alloys have attracted great attention due to the capability of conformal ultra-thin barrier formation using a simple technique. However, as in the case of the conventional barrier and Cu seed layer, PVD of the Cu alloy seed layer will eventually encounter the difficulty in conformal deposition in narrow line trenches and via holes. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been known for its good step coverage and precise thickness control, and is a candidate technique for the formation of a thin conformal barrier layer and Cu seed layer. Conformal Cu-Mn seed layers were deposited by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) at low temperature ($120^{\circ}C$), and the Mn content in the Cu-Mn alloys were controlled form 0 to approximately 10 atomic percent with various Mn precursor feeding times. Resistivity of the Cu-Mn alloy films decreased by annealing due to out-diffusion of Mn atoms. Out-diffused Mn atoms were segregated to the surface of the film and interface between a Cu-Mn alloy and $SiO_2$, resulting in self-formed $MnO_x$ and $MnSi_xO_y$, respectively. No inter-diffusion was observed between Cu and $SiO_2$ after annealing at $500^{\circ}C$ for 12 h, indicating an excellent diffusion barrier property of the $MnSi_xO_y$. The adhesion between Cu and $SiO_2$ was enhanced by the formation of $MnSi_xO_y$. Continuous and conductive Cu-Mn seed layers were deposited with PEALD into 32 nm $SiO_2$ trench, enabling a low temperature process, and the trench was perfectly filled using electrochemical plating (ECD) under conventional conditions. Thus, it is the resultant self-forming barrier process with PEALD Cu-Mn alloy film as a seed layer for plating Cu that has further potential to meet the requirement of the smaller than 30 nm node.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2002

Korean safflower (Carthami Flos) seed has been known to have healing effects on both bone fracture and osteoporosis. On the base of such a notice, this experiment was carried out to explore the effects of safflower seed on bone formation and bone repair. In addition, the healing mechanism was evaluated by analysing serum after feeding the seed to experimental. animals. The effect of Korean safflower seed were evaluated with 40 rats,3-month old. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats composed of 20 male and 20 female were underwent unilateral tibial defect and then fastened with unilateral fixators. The operated rats were divided into two groups depending on the composition of diet, such as positive control group fed normal diet (C-OP group) and safflower seed group fed 30% of safflower seed diet and 70% of normal diet (S-OP group). Postoperative radiographys were taken once in 2 weeks to evaluate callus formation for operated groups. In addition, a possible protein spots involved in bone recovery were examined using 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE). The comparison of the radiography between C-OP and S-OP group were showed that the safflower seed diet appeared to stimulate the formation of callus in the rat. On the images of 2-BE, it was able to identify possible five protein spots, having pl from 4 to 5 and molecular weight range from 24 to 26 kDa, involved in bone formation and repair, since no differing protein spots were found the two between groups except the five spots. No differences were observed between two groups before operation, but clear and bigger protein spots were observed from the S-OP group compared with C-OP group on 6 and 9 weeks post operation. These protein spots were, however, showed similar sizes and densities between two groups in 12 weeks later. The transformation of protein spots was suggested that these protein spots were involved in bone formation and recovery, in addition safflower seed might induce the formation of factors and activate these factors. In conclusion, this study suggest that safflower seed influence a variety of factors in the course of bone formation or the periods of remedy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.237-241
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• 2013

To evaluate the effects of anthocyanin-fortified barley (AFB) and whole crop barley (WCB) addition to diets, 200 Brown Nick hens were assigned to 5 treatments with 5 replicates for 8 weeks. All the treated groups differed in feed intake, egg production, egg weight, and egg mass compared to those of a control group. As the intake of barley was increased, feed intake, egg production, and egg mass decreased. In terms of egg quality, the yolk color (YC), the egg shell breaking strength (SBS), and the egg shell color (SC) differed up to 6 weeks of growth. Feeding the WCB and AFB to laying hens up to 8 weeks had a positive influence on albumin height (AH) and the haugh unit (HU). Up to 6 weeks of growth, increasing the amount of barley in the diets of the laying hens had a positive effect on the SC and the YC but had no effect on the SBS. Diets including 20% AFB and WCB increased the AH and HU to 9.10 and 94.53, respectively. The results suggest that the addition of AFB and WCB up to 10% to the diets of laying hens could improve the laying performance and the egg quality.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.389-398
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• 2010

Effects of various concentration of yuzu Citrus junos Siebold ex Tanaka in the diets on growth, blood chemistry and disease resistance of olive flounder were determined. Fifteen hundred fish averaging 200~270g were fed on moist pellet containing yuzu at the concentrations of 0%(control), 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% for 3 months. After feeding trial, weight gain of fish fed 2.5% and 5.0% yuza diet was higher than those of fish fed 0% and 7.5% yuza diet but not significant(P>0.05). No differences in hematological and physiological indices of olive flounder were found among the experimental diets except for total cholesterol. Serum lysozyme activity was not significantly different among fish fed experimental diets but bactericidal activity of fish fed 7.5% yuza diet was significantly different from those of fish fed 0, 2.5 and 5% Yuza diets. Survival rates of fish fed 2.5% yuza diet at experimental infection with Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus sp. were higher than those of the other experimental groups but not significant. In conclusion, Dietary inclusion of 2.5~5% yuzu seems to have positive effects for fish health condition and disease resistance.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.1206-1212
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• 2000

This study was conducted to know whether Gamiyookmijihwangtang(GY) which is Yookmijihwang added with Liriopis tuber, Anemarrhenae rhizoma and Phellodendri cortex can remedy the overt diabetes in diabetes-prone BB(BBDP) rats. The rats were given GY through the mother from the fetal stage until birth. After birth they received GY through breast feeding until 20 days old. From 21 days old which is the beginning of the weaning period 60 BB rats(30 males and 30 females) were divided into 2 experimental groups(BBDP and BBDP-GY) and placed individually in metabolic cages. BBDP was the control group which didn't receive any GY and BBDP-GY received 16 mL/㎏ B.W./day of GY until 120 days old. The antidiabetic effects of GY were characterized by the clinical features such as polyurea, polydipsia, hyperglycaemia and the rapid loss of body weight. Body weight, water consumption, urine volume and blood glucose level showed no signs of impending diabetes but after onset there were big changes in those parameters. The onset of diabetes was delayed and the incidence of diabetes was also much decreased with GY but after onset there were no beneficial effects from it.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 1998

Acute and chronic responses to PCB toxicity of Neomysis awatschensis were studied by measurement of bioassay, growth, oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion with concentrations of PCB at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$. 96 hr.-$LC_50$ at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$ were 28.7492 pub and 10.6742 pub, respectively. Survival rates during 60 days exposured to chronic PCB concentrations of 0.5 pub, 1.0 pub, 1.5 pub and 2,0 pub at $10^{\circ}C$ were $85\%,\;80\%,\;75\%$ and $75\%$, respectively and suwival rates at $20^{\circ}C$ $85\%,\;75\%,\;75\%$ and $65\%$, respectively. Average daily growth rate of N. awatschensis exposed to chronic PCB concentrations at $10^{\circ}C$ were 0.039 mm/day in control group and 0.036 mm/day at concentration of 2.0 ppb, while their rates at $20^{\circ}C$ showed 0.072 mm/day in central group and 0.039 mm/day at 2,0 ppb. The growth factors were some similarities between the chronic PCB concentrations, but intermolt periods were related to body size of mysids, temperature and PCB toxicity. Changes in oxygen consumption and nitrogen excretion rates during 60 days exposure to PCB toxicity showed higher in high groups of PCB concentrations. Assimilation and feeding rates of N. awatschensis fed Artemia sp. decreased with increase of PCB concentration at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.810-814
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• 2004

This research was conducted to evaluate the safety of the herbicide-resistant rice, a genetically modified organism (GMO) developed by the Rural Development Administration by exposing it to 12 months old Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 weeks. The composition of herbicide-resistant brown rice with/without heating treatment was compared with those of conventional Ilpum brown rice with/without heating treatment to assess composition equivalence. Compositional analysis was performed to measure proximates, fiber, and minerals. The nutritional components of herbicide-resistant rice were similar to those of the nontransgenic control or were within the normal range of nontransgenic rice. Four groups of experimental male rats were fed one of the following diets for eight weeks: Ilpum brown rice (I) and its heated rice (IH) as non-GMO, and herbicide-resistant brown rice (G) and its heated rice (GH) as GMO- We checked clinical symptoms (anorexia, salivation, diarrhea, polyuria, anuria, fecal change), food intake, and water consumption every day, change of body weight once a week, and serum biochemistry and organ weights after 8 weeks of experimental feeding We did not find any significant differences in the above-mentioned items. These results suggested that genetically modified herbicide-resistant rice was compositionally equivalent to conventional Ilpum rice, and nutritional characteristics and safety of herbicide-resistant rice in old male rats treated for 8 weeks were not different from those of Ilpum rice, non-GMO.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.1529-1536
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• 2007

Anti-obesity effects of kimchi tablet composition (KTC) were investigated with male Sprague-Dawley rats fed high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Fifty rats were classified to 4 groups: normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD), HFD+KTC 5% and HFD+KTC 10% for feeding experiments. This research showed that the final weight, weight gain, food efficiency ratio and organ weight were decreased by the addition of KTC compared to those of HFD group. Amount of subcutaneous fat of KTC groups were 13.6% and 21.3%, respectively. The plasma triglyceride concentration of KTC groups was lower than that of high fat diet group. Plasma cholesterol concentration of all four groups were not significantly different. HDL-cholesterol concentration of KTC groups was higher than those of high fat diet group. In addition, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in the liver and heart were reduced by the addition of KTC. Moreover, triglyceride concentration of fecal and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity were increased in KTC group. These results suggested that KTC might be useful for obesity control and good source of functional kimchi tablet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1930-1938
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• 2018

Objective: The present study attempted to determine safe and sufficient growth promoters in poultry feeding. Methods: A total of 520 seven-day-old quail chicks were randomly allotted to eight treatment groups in a $4{\times}2$ factorial design experiment to evaluate the effect of different levels of humic acid (HA) and black cumin (BC) seed and their interactions on growth, carcass traits, gut microbes, and blood chemistry of growing quails. Quails were randomly distributed into 8 groups in a $4{\times}2$ factorial design, included 4 HA levels (0, 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 g/kg diet) and 2 BC levels (0 or 5 g/ kg diet). Results: Increasing HA level associated with a gradual increase in final weight, feed intake and body weight gain along with an improvement in feed conversion ratio. Dietary addition of 5 g BC powder/kg diet gave similar results. The highest level of HA (2.25 g/kg diet) recorded the best values of carcass weight, breast yield, intestinal length, and intestinal weight comparing with the control and other HA levels. Total viable microbial counts decreased (p<0.05) with increasing levels of HA except the intermediate level (1.5 g/kg diet). The concentration of serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (excluding that 0.75 g HA) decreased (p<0.05) and high density lipoprotein increased (p = 0.034) along with increasing HA level. The interaction between the $2.25g\;HA{\times}5g$ gave the best results regarding most studied parameters. Conclusion: These findings indicated that HA combined with BC could be used as effective growth promoters, with the recommended level being 2.25 g HA+5 g BC/kg of quail diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2019

Objective: We compare the effects of three different approved sources of supplemental zilpaterol on growth-performance responses and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. Methods: Twenty four Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin lambs ($46.75{\pm}2.43kg$) were used in a 33-day feeding trial. Lambs were fed a dry rolled corn-based finishing diet. Treatments consisted of the non-supplemental basal diet (Control) versus the basal diet supplemented with 125 mg zilpaterol/kg of diet (as fed basis) from three commercial sources marketed in Mexico: Zilmax (ZIL), Grofactor, and Zipamix. Results: Compared to controls, zilpaterol (ZH) supplementation did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), but increased carcass adjusted daily weight gain (ADG, 36.7%), gain efficiency (34.2%), and dietary net energy (26.0%), and decreased (23.4%) the ratio of observed:expected DMI. Compared to controls, supplemental ZH increased hot carcass weight (6.4%), dressing percentage (3.2%), m. longissimus thoracis (LM) area (15.6%), and shoulder muscle:fat ratio (28.7%), but decreased kidney-pelvic-heart fat, and fat thickness. Supplemental ZH increased 10.9% and 14.3% whole cut weight of loin and leg, respectively, and the proportion (as percentage of cold carcass weight) of leg (4.3%). These increases were reflected in greater forequarter and hindquarter weights. Lambs fed ZH increased (4.6%) empty body weight (EBW) and reduced (14.7%) liver/spleen weight (as g/kg EBW). Likewise, ZH supplementation tended (p = 0.08) to lower (8.9%) visceral fat. Growth performance, energetic efficiency, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, LM area and whole cuts were not different across supplemental ZH sources. However, compared with non-supplemented controls, only ZIL appreciably decreased carcass fat distribution, including fat thickness, percentage kidney pelvic and heart fat, shoulder fat, and visceral fat. Conclusion: Supplemental ZH increases ADG, gain efficiency, carcass dressing percentage, and LM area. The magnitude of these responses was similar among ZH sources. Nevertheless, compared with non-supplemented controls, only ZIL appreciably decreases carcass fat. The basis for this is uncertain, but indicative that some practical differences in zilpaterol bio-equivalency may exist across commercial sources tested.