• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권2호
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• pp.237-250
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• 2024

The emission of noxious gases is a significant problem in pig production, as it can lead to poor production, welfare concerns, and environmental pollution. The noxious gases are the gasses emitted from the pig manure that contribute to air pollution. The increased concentration of various harmful gasses can pose health risks to both animals and humans. The major gases produced in the pig farm include methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, sulfur dioxide and volatile fatty acids, which are mainly derived from the fermentation of undigested or poorly digested nutrients. Nowadays research has focused on more holistic approaches to obtain a healthy farm environment that helps animal production. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, dietary enzymes, and medicinal plants in animal diets has been explored as a means of reducing harmful gas emissions. This review paper focuses on the harmful gas emissions from pig farm, the mechanisms of gas production, and strategies for reducing these emissions. Additionally, various methods for reducing gas in pigs, including probiotic interventions; prebiotic interventions, dietary enzymes supplementation, and use of medicinal plants and organic acids are discussed. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on reducing noxious gas in pigs and offers valuable insights for pig producers, nutritionists, and researchers working in this area.

• 기술사
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2011

Food sovereignty is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems. An increase in the price of food that occurs as a result of increased demand from human consumption and use as an alternative energy resource. Furthermore, agflation, a combination of the words "agriculture" and "inflation", will also affect non-vegetative foods as the price increases for grain will make livestock feed more expensive as well. Food sovereignty implies new social relations free of oppression and inequality between men and women, peoples, racial groups, social classes and generations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.993-1000
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of fermented red ginseng extract (FRGE) as feed additive in broilers and laying hens. In broilers, 480 Arbor Acre male broilers were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 6 replications per treatment and 20 chicks per pen. The experiment lasted 5 weeks and dietary treatments were as follows: i) CON, basal diet; ii) FRGE1, basal diet+1 g/kg fermented red ginseng extract; iii) FRGE2, basal diet+2 g/kg fermented red ginseng extract and iv) FRGE3 basal diet+4 g/kg fermented red ginseng extract. Throughout the experiment, no effects were observed (p>0.05) in performance in response to FRGE. At the end of the experiment, FRGE administration improved (p<0.05) the lymphocyte level compared with CON. The relative weight of bursa of fabricius and spleen were increased (p<0.05) by the inclusion of FRGE3. Besides, redness ($a^*$) value for the breast meat was higher (p<0.05) in FRGE1 and FRGE3 treatments than that in CON. In laying hens, 240 ISA brown layers at 35 weeks of age were used in this 8-week trial. Dietary treatments were the same as in the broilers trial with 10 replicates per treatment and 6 layers per replicate. During the entire experiment, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in performance or egg quality among all the treatments. However, the layers fed diets supplemented with FRGE had higher lymphocyte level (p<0.05) compared with those fed CON. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation with FRGE did not influence performance but improved the lymphocyte level in both broilers and laying hens.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2014

Purpose - The study aimed to evaluate the market opportunities and constraints confronting resource-poor pig farmers in South Africa. Research design, data, and methodology - Information was collected from 292 households in three municipalities through interviews with key informants. The data collected included socio-economic characteristics, major market channels, prices for different pig classes, average weight of the pigs on sale, number of pigs sold annually, and preferred meat quality attributes. Results - In Ngqushwa, 96% of respondents sold pigs as compared to Elundini (81%) and Ntabankulu (65%). Less resource-poor households and those with market-oriented production had large herdsizes (P < 0.05) when compared to more resource-poor farmers. The probability of selling pigs was high for the backyard production system and educated farmers. For all farmers, opportunities included high pork demand, good prices, employment creation, and a niche market for organically produced indigenous pork. Constraints include disease, feed shortages for large herds, distances to formal markets, lack of training, and drugs. Conclusions - Constraints outnumbered opportunities for the resource-poor pig farmers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.399-404
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• 2007

To elucidate the efficacy of different levels of microbial-fermented soy proteins (FSP) on piglet performance, a total of 240 weaned piglets ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $22{\pm}3$ d of age, $5.16{\pm}0.07$ kg initial BW) were allotted to 4 treatment diets comprising control, FSP-3%, FSP-6% and FSP-9%. The fermented soybean product named $Pepsoygen^{(R)}$ was utilized for the study. There were 15 pigs per pen and 4 pens per treatment. The control diet contained 15% soybean meal (SBM), and SBM for the treatment diets was replaced at 3, 6 and 9% with FSP, respectively. Experimental diets were fed from 0 to 14 d (phase-I) after weaning and then a common commercial diet was fed from 15 to 35 d (phase-II). There was a linear (p<0.05) increase in ADG and ADFI at both phases of measurement. The feed to gain ratio was also improved, showing a linear (p<0.01) trend as the level of supplementation increased. Except for phosphorus, the digestibility of all other nutrients was improved linearly (p<0.05) in the FSP added diets. However, villous height and crypt depth were not affected by dietary treatments. No special effect on intestinal morphology was noticed between FSP-added and control diets. In conclusion, the growth, digestibility of nutrients and morphological changes in weaned pigs fed FSP showed improved performance at higher levels of supplementation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1305-1307
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• 2018

We investigate the effects of the immune function (HI titer) in broilers fed diets containing Hermetia illucens (H. illucens) peptide extract over a 40-day period. Twenty-four broiler chicks (Arbor Acres, 1 d old) were divided into four groups and fed different diets (control, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% H. illucens peptide extract). To evaluate HI titer, all broilers were vaccinated with H9H2 vaccine subcutaneously on the lateral thorax, according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Similar HI titer was observed with 1% H. illucens peptide extract treatment compared to the control after 40 days (p>0.01). Groups fed 0.5% H. illucens peptide extract demonstrated the most effective immune effects (p<0.01), followed by groups fed 0.1% H. illucens peptide extract. In conclusion, using 0.1% or 0.5% H. illucens peptide extract before or after vaccination improved HI titer immune function in broilers.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.563-568
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• 2018

곤충은 식량 기능성 소재 농업자재 등 미래의 농업자원으로 유망하며, 지속적인 시장성장이 예상되고 있다. 또한 갈색거저리 유충, 쌍별귀뚜라미, 흰점박이꽃무지 및 장수풍뎅이의 유충이 일반식품원료로 인정됨에 따라 식용곤충에 대한 관심이 높아지고, 이에 대량생산을 위한 사육기술의 표준화 및 먹이원 개발에 관한 연구가 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 흰점박이꽃무지와 장수풍뎅이 유충의 발육촉진 효과를 확인하기 위해 애견사료 및 양돈사료와 같은 시판 중인 가축사료와 밀기울을 첨가한 발효톱밥을 이용하였다. 밀기울 첨가 처리구는 흰점박이꽃무지와 장수풍뎅이의 생존율과 증체율이 현저히 낮은 수준으로 곤충 먹이원의 소재로 사용되기에 부적합한 발육양상을 보였다. 애견사료 및 양돈사료를 첨가한 먹이원을 급여하였을 때 흰점박이꽃무지와 장수풍뎅이 모두에서 유충의 생존율 및 증체율이 높고 유충기간이 단축되는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 애견사료 5% 첨가 조건에서 흰점박이꽃무지 유충의 증체율은 초기 무게와 대비하여 179.2%로 가장 높았고, 장수풍뎅이 유충의 증체율은 애견사료 2.5% 첨가 조건에서 299.9%로 가장 높았다. 또한, 애견사료 2.5% 첨가 사료를 급여했을 때 흰점박이꽃무지와 장수풍뎅이의 유충기간은 약 67일과 116일로 기본 발효톱밥을 급여한 대조구에 비해 40일 이상 짧게 조사되었다. 따라서 가축사료는 부식성 식용곤충에 우수한 발육 효과를 나타내는 곤충 먹이원의 소재로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.319-327
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• 2007

본 연구는 민들레와 민들레 발효 생균제의 첨가가 육계의 성장과 체조성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 공시동물은 Ross broiler 150수로 5처리 6반복 반복당 6수씩 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 1) 대조구, 2) 항생제 0.005% 첨가구, 3) 황토 1.0% 첨가구, 4) 황토 2.0% 첨가구, 5) 황토 4.0% 첨가구, 6) 황토 8.0% 첨가구로 5처리로 나누어 실시하였다. 전 기간 사양 결과, 증체량은 항생제 첨가구가 높게 나타났으며, 민들레 1.0% 첨가구가 낮은 증체량을 보였으나, 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 사료 섭취량과 사료 요구율에서는 민들레, 민들레 발효 생균제와 대조구에서 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). HDL cholesterol은 민들레 생균제 0.5 % 첨가구가 높았으며, 민들레 생균제 1.0% 첨가구가 낮았으나, 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). LDL cholesterol은 대조구가 높았으며, 항생제 첨가구가 통계적인 유의차를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 도체 내의 여러 가지 지방산 중 oleic acid($C18:1{\omega}9$) 민들레 발효 생균제가 0.1% 첨가구가 높게 나타났으며, 대조구가 낮게 나타나 통계적인 유의차를 보였다(P<0.05). 이상의 결과로써 민들레와 민들레 발효 생균제를 첨가한 결과, 혈액 콜레스테롤 감소에 영향을 주었으며, 특히 생균제를 첨가할 때 고기의 맛을 평가하는데 중요한 올레인산이 높게 나타나 계육의 맛을 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2006

본 연구는 유기태 철과 효모철의 첨가가 육계의 생산성 및 체조성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 공시동물은 Ross broiler 252수로 7처리 6반복 반복당 6수씩 사양시험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 1) 대조구, 2) YM03 0.1%, 3) YM03 1.0%, 4) YF04 0.1%, 5) YF04 1.0%, 6) 유기태 Fe 0.01% 및 7) 유기태 Fe 0.1%로 총 7처리로 나누어 실시하였다. 증체량은 대조구가 2,087 g으로 낮게 나타났으며, 유기태 Fe 0.01% 첨가구가 2.121 g으로 나타나 대조구보다 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 유의차는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 사료섭취량은 대조구는 3,797 g으로 낮게 나타났으며, YM03 1.0% 첨가구가 3,827 g으로 높게 나타나 대조구보다 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 유의차는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 도체 Fe 함량은 대조구가 30.51 mg/dL 로 낮게 나타났으며, YF04 0.1 % 첨가구가 41.58 mg/dL 로 높게 나타나 대조구보다 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적인 유의차는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 육계에서 사료내 유기태 철 또는 효모철의 첨가는 도체내 철의 함량을 강화시키고 철분이 강화된 축산물 생산이 가능할 것으로 사료되나 사업화하기 위해서는 추후에 더욱 체계적인 연구가 요구된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1299-1303
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• 2001

For the Exp. 1, a total of fifty four crossbred [(Duroc Yorkshire)${\times}$Landrace] pigs ($77.67{\pm}1.42kg$ average initial BW) were used in a 41-d growth assay to determine the effects of yucca extract supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and serum characteristics of finishing pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) Control (basal diet), 2) YE60 (basal diet+60 ppm yucca extract), 3) YE120 (basal diet+120 ppm yucca extract). Average daily gain was not improved by yucca extract supplementation during the whole experimental perid (d 0 to 41). Pigs fed control diet showed the best average daily gain. Pigs fed control and YE120 diets tended to increase average daily feed intake compared with pigs fed YE60 diet (quadratic effect, p<0.0001). Gain/feed with control treatment was significantly better than the YE groups (linear effect, p<0.071). However, there was no significant difference among levels of yucca extract (p>0.10). Apparent digestibility of dry matter in pigs fed yucca extract were greater than for pigs fed control diets (linear effect, p<0.017). Pigs fed YE120 tended to have higher digestibility of nitrogen than pigs fed the control diets (linear effect, p<0.019). There were no significant differences in Total-, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations of serum, and the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations in serum was not influenced by the yucca extract supplementation (p>0.10). For the Exp. 2, fifteen [(Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Landrace] pigs ($25.00{\pm}0.50kg$ average initial BW) were used in a 30-d metabolism experiment to determine the effects of yucca extract supplementation on fecal ammonia gas production. Treatments were : 1) Control (basal diet); 2) YE (basal diet+150 ppm yucca extract); 3) BD (basal diet+100 ppm Bio-Dr; yucca extract+far infrared emitted materials). Fecal ammonia gas production differences between d 0 and d 30 were significantly reduced (p<0.05) by feeding BD compared to control and YE. Also, when pigs were fed the diet with YE tended to be decreased ammonia gas production compared to pigs fed the control diet without significant differences (p>0.05). There were no differences for DM and N digestibility among pigs fed the treatment diets. In conclusion, yucca and (or) far infrared radiological materials can be used to make environment-friendly diets for growing-finishing pigs without negative effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility.