• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2018

The giant mealworm beetle, Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a tropical beetle. As this beetle can be used as an ingredient in animal feed, the effects of brewer's spent grain (BSG) on the development and nutritional value of Z. atratus were investigated. As results, there were no significant differences on the larval survival rate, body weight, and duration at different content of BSG, mixed with conventional feed, wheat bran (WB). Based on these results, BSG can be mixed with wheat bran as a Z. atratus food ingredient without any problems. The nutritional value was compared between 100% wheat bran control and 50% BSG experimental groups. The moisture, crude protein, carbohydrates, and amino acids were 1.1-1.4 times higher in the 50% BSG group. In the BSG group, the linoleic acid content was 1.6 times higher than that in the control group. In the wheat bran group, the oleic acid content was 38.4%, which was 1.3 times higher than that in the BSG group. As minerals, the control and BSG groups showed high potassium and phosphorus contents. In terms of hazardous materials, four heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium) and two microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) were not detected. There were no significant differences in developmental characteristics between the wheat bran and BSG mixed groups, and the nutritional values were better in the BSG mixed group. Therefore, BSG can be used as alternative food source for rearing Z. atratus.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2015

A 10-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the feasibility of using spent coffee ground (CG) as a potential feed ingredient for olive flounder. Growth, feed utilization, body composition and antioxidant enzyme activity were examined. A control diet was formulated and three other diets were prepared to contain 5, 10 or 15% CG (designated as Con, CG5, CG10 and CG15, respectively) by replacing for wheat flour. Two hundred forty fish ($104{\pm}0.7g/fish$) were allotted to 12 circular tanks of 400 L capacity at a density of 20 fish per tank and fed the experimental diets twice daily. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the CG5 diet exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher growth performance than those fed the control diet. Also, fish fed the CG10 diet had a comparable growth to that of the control group, but further increase of dietary CG inclusion level to 15% resulted in significant decrease of growth performance. Fish fed the CG15 diet showed significantly lower feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio than other treatments. Significantly lower muscle protein content was observed in fish fed CG15 diet compared to the control. Significant reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration was found in fish fed CG15 diet compared to control. No significant changes were found in alkyle and superoxide radicals scavenging activities of plasma, muscle and liver among dietary treatments. Also, liver total protein, total antioxidant capacity, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not significantly influenced by dietary inclusion of CG. According to these results, we concluded that CG can be included up to 10% in the diet for olive flounder without any adverse effects on growth, feed utilization and antioxidant enzyme activity.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2007

본 연구는 식용유 정제 폐백토(spent bleaching clay)를 육계 사료 원료로 가치를 평가하기 위해서 실시하였다. 식용유 정제 폐백토(spent bleaching clay)는 대두유의 정제 과정에서 생산되어지며, 생 식용유 정제 폐백토(spent bleaching clay)속에는 조지방(26.0%)과 조회분(68.3%)은 풍부하나, 수분(5.2%)과 조단백질(0.5%)의 함량은 낮게 평가되었다. 식용유 정제 폐백토(spent bleaching clay)와 대두유의 산가는 각각 9.72 및 0.001로 유의한 차이가 인정되었다(P<0.05). 뿐만아니라 식용유 정제 폐백토(spent bleaching clay)의 과산화물가는 대두유보다 유의하게 높아서(P<0.05) 식용유 정제 폐백토(spent bleaching clay)의 빠른 산패 가능성을 시사한 결과이다. 그러나 식용유 정제 폐백토(spent bleaching clay)의 산패는 인공적인 방법으로 막을 수 있을 것이다. 한편 식용유 정제 폐백토(spent bleaching clay)의 육계 사육에서의 $2.0{\sim}4.0%$의 첨가는 사료 섭취량, 증체량 및 사료 효율을 개선시켰다. 결론적으로 육계 사료에 $2.0{\sim}4.0%$의 식용유 정제 폐백토(spent bleaching clay)의 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1698-1707
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• 2013

Optimization of the dietary formulation is the most effective way to reduce methane. Nineteen feed ingredients (brans, vegetable proteins, and grains) were evaluated for their potential to generate methane and change methanogen diversity using an in vitro ruminal fermentation technique. Feed formulations categorized into high, medium and low production based on methane production of each ingredient were then subjected to in vitro fermentation to determine the real methane production and their effects on digestibility. Methanogen diversity among low, medium and high-methane producing groups was analyzed by PCR-DGGE. The highest methane production was observed in Korean wheat bran, soybean and perilla meals, and wheat and maize of brans, vegetable protein and cereal groups, respectively. On the other hand, corn bran, cotton seed meal and barley led to the lowest production in the same groups. Nine bacteria and 18 methanogen 16s rDNA PCR-DGGE dominant bands were identified with 83% to 99% and 92% to 100% similarity, respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed that methane emissions from ruminants can be mitigated through proper selection of feed ingredients to be used in the formulation of diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.680-692
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• 2010

This paper gives an overview of the availability, nutritive quality, and possible strategies to improve the utilization of rice straw as a feed ingredient for ruminants. Approximately 80% of the rice in the world is grown by small-scale farmers in developing countries, including South East Asia. The large amount of rice straw as a by-product of the rice production is mainly used as a source of feed for ruminant livestock. Rice straw is rich in polysaccharides and has a high lignin and silica content, limiting voluntary intake and reducing degradability by ruminal microorganisms. Several methods to improve the utilization of rice straw by ruminants have been investigated in the past. However, some physical treatments are not practical because of the requirement for machinery or treatments are not economical feasible for the farmers. Chemical treatments, such as NaOH, $NH_3$ or urea, currently seem to be more practical for onfarm use. Alternative treatments to improve the nutritive value of rice straw are the use of ligninolytic fungi (white-rot fungi), with their extracellular ligninolytic enzymes, or specific enzymes degrading cellulose and/or hemicellulose. The use of fungi or enzyme treatments is expected to be a more practical and environmental-friendly approach for enhancing the nutritive value of rice straw and can be costeffective in the future. Using fungi and enzymes might be combined with the more classical chemical or physical treatments. However, available data on using fungi and enzymes for improving the quality of rice straw are relatively scarce.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2020

본 연구는 생산비 절감을 위하여 양돈사료 내 당밀 대체 Condensed molasses soluble (CMS)를 육성비육돈 사료 내에 첨가 급여하였을 때, 생산성 및 육질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수행하였다. 공시동물은 평균 체중 27.3±1.78 kg의 교잡종(LY×D) 육성돈 160두를 공시하여, 4개 처리구에 완전임의배치로 공시하였다. 시험사료는 시판 육성비육돈사료 급여구(무첨가구)와 시판사료에 각각 당밀 3 % 첨가구(MOL 3.0), CMS 1.5 % 첨가구(CMS 1.5), CMS 3 % 첨가구(CMS 3.0)로 설계하였다. 각 처리구별 시험사료와 물은 70일 동안 자유채식을 실시하였다. 생산성을 분석한 결과, 당밀과 CMS첨가구에서 대조구 대비 사료섭취량이 유의하게 높은 것이 관찰되었으며, CMS 3 % 첨가에 의해 대조구 대비 종료체중과 일당증체량이 유의하게 개선되는 효과를 확인하였다(p<0.05). 사료요구율은 당밀 및 CMS 첨가 그룹에서 대조구와의 통계적 유의한 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 사양시험 종료 후 등심부위의 육질을 평가한 결과에서 보수력, 가열감량, pH 모두 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과는, 육성비육돈 사료 내 CMS 3%의 첨가급여는 육질의 저하 없이 생산성 개선 효과를 가지며, 양돈 사료 내 당밀 대체제로써 CMS의 활용 가능성을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.632-638
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• 2015

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutrient composition, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and organic matter disappearance (IVOMD) of three kinds of distillers grains (DG); i) wet distillers grains (WDG, KRW 25/kg), ii) dried distillers grains (DDG, KRW 280/kg), iii) dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS, KRW 270/kg) produced from tapioca 70% and rice 30%, and to evaluate dietary effects of WDG on the performance of Hanwoo steers. In Exp. 1, twelve-WDG, four-DDG and one-DDGS were collected from seven ethanol plants. Average crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of WDG, DDG, and DDGS were: 32.6%, 17.8%, 57.5%, and 30.2% for WDG, 36.7%, 13.9%, 51.4%, and 30.5% for DDG, and 31.0%, 11.9%, 40.3%, and 21.2% for DDGS (DM basis), respectively. The DDGS had a higher quantity of water-soluble fraction than WDG and DDG and showed the highest IVDMD (p<0.05) in comparison to others during the whole experimental time. The IVDMD at 0 to 12 h incubation were higher (p<0.05) in DDG than WDG, but did not show significant differences from 24 to 72 h. The same tendency was observed in IVOMD, showing that DG made from tapioca and rice (7:3) can be used as a feed ingredient for ruminants. Considering the price, WDG is a more useful feed ingredient than DDG and DDGS. In Exp. 2, 36 Hanwoo steers of 21 months ($495.1{\pm}91kg$) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments for 85 days; i) Control (total mixed ration, TMR), ii) WDG 10% (TMR containing 10% of WDG, as fed basis), and iii) WDG 20% (TMR containing 20% of WDG, as fed basis). With respect to body weight and average daily gain, there were no differences between control and WDG treatments during the whole experimental period. Dry matter intake of control (9.34 kg), WDG 10% (9.21 kg) and 20% (8.86 kg) and feed conversion ratio of control (13.0), WDG 10% (13.2) and 20% (12.1) did not show differences between control and WDG treatments. Thus, the use of WDG up to 20% in TMR did not show any negative effect on the performance of Hanwoo steers.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.358-365
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• 2020

본 시험은 돼지 사료 내 단백질원으로 사용되는 원료사료의 외관상 회장 아미노산 소화율과 표준 회장 아미노산 소화율을 평가하기 위해 수행하였다. 본 시험에서 T-cannula를 회장에 설치한 자돈(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc, 14.4±0.35kg) 6두를 공시동물로 사용하였으며, 6×6 라틴스퀘어 설계법(Latin square design)을 이용하였다. 평가 원료사료로서 옥수수 배아, 옥수수 글루텐 밀, 옥수수 글루텐 피드, 클로렐라 및 라이신 부산물이 사용하였으며, 각 원료사료별 5일의 적응기간과 2일의 소화물 채취기간을 두었다. 라이신의 외관상 회장 소화율에서 클로렐라와 라이신 부산물이 유의적으로 높았으며(p<0.05), 각각 79.1% 및 78.7%이였다. 메치오닌의 외관상 회장 소화율은 원료사료들 간의 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 트레오닌의 외관상 회장 소화율은 클로렐라가 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 81.8%이였다. 라이신의 표준 회장 소화율에서 클로렐라, 라이신 부산물 및 옥수수 글루텐밀이 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 각각 80.4%, 79.5% 및 77.0%이였다. 메치오닌의 표준 회장 소화율은 원료사료들 간의 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 트레오닌의 표준 회장 소화율은 클로렐라가 라이신 부산물, 옥수수 글루텐 피드에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 84.2%이였다. 본 연구결과, 클로렐라와 라이신 부산물의 외관상 및 표준 회장 아미노산 소화율이 가장 우수하였으며, 이 원료들은 돼지 사료 내 단백질 대체 원료사료로서 가치가 있음을 시사한다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권9호
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• pp.29.1-29.9
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• 2015

This review provides an overview of the published data on the canola meal and its suitability for duck as an alternative plant-origin protein source to soybean meal. Canola meal is a legume origin protein source containing comparable amino acid profile to soybean meal and rich in essential minerals and vitamins. Nonetheless, it is known to contain less in energy content than soybean meal. Factors like field conditions and processing methods creates compositional variations among canola meal. Presence of anti-nutritional factors such as phenolic substances, phytate and glucosinolates which are known to reduce growth performance in livestock animals, are the major drawbacks for canola meal to be a competitive plant-origin protein source in the feed industry. This review is focused to address i) nutritional characteristics and feeding value of canola meal for ducks and ii) impacts of feeding canola meal on performances of ducks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.239-244
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• 1998

Dried carrot meal (DCM) prepared from fresh carrot was found to be a good source of xanthophyll (54 mg/kg) and morderate source of protein (188.3 g/kg) and energy (2,510 kcal/kg) with low level of fibre (80 g/kg). DM, EE and NFE content of DCM were 895, 35 and 661.7 g/kg respectively. The ingredient was used in laying hen diet to evaluate its pigmenting value for egg yolk. Thirty-two laying hens from Starcross strain were divided into four groups and fed four different diets: a control diet containing 62% ground wheat, a corn-based diet (50% ground yellow corn), control + 4% DCM and control + 8% DCM. Use of DCM at 8% level in layer mash significantly improved yolk colour at 3rd, 6th and 9th week of supplementation in comparison with wheat-based control diet. This improvement was statististically similar to that obtained from yellow corn-based diet. DCM at 4% level also improved yolk colour score. Wheat-based diet significantly increased feed consumption compared to yellow corn and diet supplied with 8% DCM. Body weight gain, egg production, feed conversion were not significantly affected due to dietary addition of DCM and no mortality was observed during 63-day experimental period. Further works on DCM are suggested.