• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2004

This study was undertaken to determine the bioavailability of isoflavones in weanling Sprague-Dawley rats by providing diets containing different levels of soy isoflavones for 6 weeks: 0.025% (low isoflavone intake; LI), 0.125% (medium isoflavone intake; MI), and 0.25% (high isoflavone intake; HI). The subsequent fecal and urinary excretion of daidzein and genistein was then measured. As the levels of dietary isoflavones increased, the amount of food intakes significantly decreased, and weight gain was slower in female rats. In male rats, there was no significant difference in weight gains related to dietary intakes. Urinary excretion of daidzein and genistein was significantly higher in the MI and HI groups in both male and female rats than the control and LI groups. The recovery % of daidzein and genistein in the urine was significantly lower in the MI and HI groups. Fecal daidzein increased as dietary isoflavone intakes increased in female rats; however, in male rats the increase was significant only in the HI group. The recovery % of daidzein and genistein in the feces of female rats was not significantly different among the four groups. When dietary isoflavones were increased from 0.025% to 0.25%, the amounts of daidzein and genistein excreted in the urine and feces increased; however, the low recovery rate of both daidzein and genistein in the urine implies an increased bioavailability of isoflavones. We also observed sex-related differences in the urinary and fecal recovery of isoflavone intakes.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2010

Indicator bacteria of fecal pollution were enumerated and compared by various detection methods for influent and final effluent of a sewage treatment plant. Total coliforms were enumerated by four methods including most probable numbers, chromogenic enzyme substrate test, membrane filtration, and plate counts and were about $10^4$ for influent and $10^2{\sim}10^3\;CFU/ml$ for final effluent. Fecal coliforms ranged between $10^3$ and $10^4$ for influent and $10^2\;CFU/ml$ for effluent by chromogenic enzyme substrate test and membrane filtration. Fecal streptococci counts were 1-log less than fecal coliforms counts, $10^2{\sim}10^3$ for influent and $10^1\;CFU/ml$ for effluent. Total coliforms numbers by plate count both in influent and in effluent showed 1-log higher than by the other three methods. Statistical analysis revealed that numbers of total coliforms by plate count in final effluent had the highest average of correlation (r=0.778, p<0.01) compared with those by the other three methods. In addition, total coliforms numbers by plate count showed most significant correlation (r=0.835, p<0.01) with those by chromogenic test which is well-known as its highest recovery efficiency. These results suggest that the plate count would be the optimum detection method for total coliforms in wastewater treatment plants which are the only microbiological standard of final effluent from wastewater treatment plants in the Republic of Korea, considering economic aspects and difficulties in laboratories.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1994

A calf and 50 mice were infected with Cryptosporidium parvum and their fecal materials were collected and treated 10 ether extraction (EE), followed by discontinuous sucrose gradients (DSG) method. EE method was to remove some of fat or lipid from feces. Sediments were washed by centrifugation ($1,500{\;}{\times}{\;}g$ for 10 min., 3 times) In phosphate-buffered saline and then these washed sediments were sleeved sequentially through stainless steel screens with a final mesh of 250 ($61{\;}{\mu\textrm{m}}$ porosity) to remove other debris. After sieving, the materials were suspended in 2.5% potassium dlchromate solution. Oocysts were counted by using a hemocytometer and the recovery rate of pure oocysts was calculated on the basis of the count. Following centrifugation ($1,500{\;}{\times}{\;}g$ for 30 min.) by DSG method, most oocysts were recovered at the interface between a gravity of 1.103 and 1.064. The recovery rates of pure oocysts from the fecal suspension of the calf ($3.8{\;}{\times}{\;}10^7/ml$) and the mouse ($3.2{\;}{\times}{\;}10^6/ml$) treated with EE method were 81.6% and 51.6%, respectively. It is suggested that the recovery rate was dependent on the number of oocysts In each suspension treated with EE method. To get the 50% recovery rate, there must be more than $2{\;}{\times}{\;}10^6$ oocysts per ml of the fecal suspension treated with EE method. By the combination of the two methods it was possible to isolate C. parvum oocysts from normal feces of the calf and mouse as well as from dlarrhelc feces.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.450-460
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• 1992

The study was performed to investigate the effect of corn bran as a fiber source on the utilization of thiamin niacin and pantothenic acid in human subjects for 8 weeks. Four different corn bran diets were fed : dry milled fine(DF) dry milled coarse(DC) wet milled fine(WF) and wet milled coarse(WC) Basal diet no corn bran bread added was employed as a control Apparent recovery of each B complex vitamin in urine was estimated to evaluate the vitamin and compared. The utilziation of three B vitamins was affected by the corn bran treatment. Dry milled corn bran had a higher recovery rate of thiamin(dry milled : 233% wet milled : 1.70%) than those receiving wet milled corn bran. Similar recovery pattern of niacin(dry milled : 1.94% wet milled : 1.50%) to that of thiamin was also observed. Particle size seemed to affect the vitamin utilization regardless of type of corn bran. Coarse bran gave a lower recovery value than fine corn bran in genreral. For pantothenic acid the recovery of the vitamin was affected to a greater extent by particle size of corn bran than by type of corn bran milling(fine: 60.22% coarse : 51.51%) Groups consuming wet milled corn bran\ulcorner(5`.57%) excreted more NDF than those fed dry milled corn bran(42.29%) Dry milled corn bran showed little or no water holding capacity poor fecal bulking properties and increased fecal transit time. The results suggest that corn bran supplementation exerts an negative effect on three B vitamin utilization.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of three different concentrations of soy-isoflavones on excretions through urine and feces in either sham-operated or ovariectomized female rats. Seventy-two 16-week old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham operation or bilateral ovariectomy. They were provided diets containing different levels of soy isoflavones for 6 weeks: 50 ppm (low isoflavone intake; LI), 250 ppm (medium isoflavone intake; MI) and 500 ppm (high isoflavone intake; HI). The subsequent fecal and urinary excretions of daidzein and genistein were then measured. In the sham operated rats, body weight gains and food efficiency ratio of the MI and HI groups were significantly lower than control group, while food intake was not different. However, there was no significant difference in ovariectomized rats. The fecal excretion of daidzein was significantly higher in the HI group than the LI and MI groups, and that of genistein increased as dietary isoflavone intakes increased in both the sham operation and ovariectomy. The reverse tendency of fecal recovery was shown with dietary isoflavone dose only in genistein among ovariectomized rats. When dietary isoflavones were increased from 50 ppm to 500 ppm, the amounts of daidzein and genistein in the urine increased dose-dependently. The higher intakes of isoflavones leaded to lower recovery rates of daidzein and genistein in the urine in the sham-operated rats but not in the ovariectomized rats. The urinary recovery was significantly higher in the LI group than the MI and HI groups in the sham-operated rats. The excreted amounts and recovery of the two isoflavones in the urine were higher in the sham operated groups than in the ovariectomized groups, which implied an increased bioavailability of isoflavones by ovariectomy. Therefore, the results suggest that a more efficient use of soy isoflavones in ovariectomized conditions may occur, which indicates that a higher dose of soy isoflavones is necessary for the postmenopausal states.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.284-291
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• 1997

The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of DWP20367 (1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-8-chloro-7-(2, 7-diazabicyclo[3,3,0]tract-4-ene-7-yl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), a novel fluoroquinolone, were examined in rats and beagle dogs after a single intravenous and oral administration. Analysis of DWP20367 in plasma, tissue, and urine was determined by both HPLC and microbiological assay (bioassay). The plasma concentration-time curves of the drug in rats and beagle dogs were biexponentially declined. The terminal half-life (t$_{1}$2$\beta$/) of the drug in rats was about 60.1 $\pm$7.3 min (i.v.) and 61.3 $\pm$ 12.4 min (p.o.) in bioassay, and 86.3 $\pm$19.8 min (i.v.) and 50.9$\pm$ 14.9 min (p.o.) in HPLC. In beagle dogs, half-life of the drug determined by bioassay was about 121.8$\pm$6.2 min (i.v.) and 111.0$\pm$7.6 min (p.o.). The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vd$_{ss}$ ) was 243.8$\pm$74.1 ml/kg (bioassay) and 339.2$\pm$84.3 ml/kg (HPLC) in rats, and 1587.5 $\pm$536.9 ml/kg (bioassay) in beagle dogs. The total body clearance (Cl$_{t}$) of DWP20367 was 3.4 $\pm$ 0.4 ml/min/kg (bioassay) and 2.4$\pm$0.4 ml/min/kg (HPLC) in rats, and 12.3$\pm$ 1.0 ml/min/kg (bioassay) in beagle dogs, respectively. The extent of bioavailability after oral administration was 89.1%(bioassay) and 79.9% (HPLC) in rats, and 78.7% (bioassay) in beagle dogs. Urinary recovery (24-h) assayed by bioassay was 0.7% (p.o.) and 1.2% (i.v.) in rats, and 0.8% (p.o.) and 1.0% (i.v.) in beagle dogs. In rats, 24-h fecal recovery determined by bioassay was 11.2% (p.o.) and 0.1% (i.v.). Rat and human serum protein binding ratios at 2$\mu$g/ml were about 90~91%. This drug determined by bioassay was also distributed by the order of liver, kidney, lung, heart, spleen and muscle 30 min after oral administration.on.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 1983

The studies carried out to investigate the detection method of Fasciola eggs from positive cattle feces in the intradermal reaction method with laborsaving composition of sieves and Kim's sedimental tube method. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The detection method of Fasciola eggs was improved by 3 meshes (100mesh, 150mesh, 250mesh) for filteration of fecal fluid contained Fasciola eggs. 2. Third type of tube in the 3 kinds of sedimental tube had the highest recovers rate of Fasciola eggs. Thus, this type of tube was selected and called as Kim's sedimental tube. 3. A-II, A-III, B-III and C-III type by Kim's sedimental tube method had the recovery rates of eggs in the 1st drop as ranged 99 to 100% and, A-I, B-II, C-II as 71 to 91%. 4. These Type of tubes were useful to detect Fasciola eggs and to shorten the time of the diagnostic procedures. 5. The Kim's sedimental tube method showed high recovery rates and convenient procedures as compared with other detection methods reported. In addition, the EPG value can also be obtained by this method. Therefore, it is desirable that the Kim's sedimental tube method could be recommended to clinicians.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2024

This review delved into the intricate relationship between the gastrointestinal microbiome and gastric cancer, particularly focusing on post-treatment alterations, notably following gastrectomy, and the effects of anticancer therapies. Following gastrectomy, analysis of fecal samples revealed an increased presence of oral cavity aerotolerant and bile acid-transforming bacteria in the intestine. Similar changes were observed in the gastric microbiome, highlighting significant alterations in taxon abundance and emphasizing the reciprocal interaction between the oral and gastric microbiomes. In contrast, the impact of chemotherapy and immunotherapy on the gut microbiome was subtle, although discernible differences were noted between treatment responders and non-responders. Certain bacterial taxa showed promise as potential prognostic markers. Notably, probiotics emerged as a promising approach for postgastrectomy recovery, displaying the capacity to alleviate inflammation, bolster immune responses, and maintain a healthy gut microbiome. Several strains, including Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium butyricum, exhibited favorable outcomes in postoperative patients, suggesting their potential roles in comprehensive patient care. In conclusion, understanding the intricate interplay between the gastrointestinal microbiome and gastric cancer treatment offers prospects for predicting responses and enhancing postoperative recovery. Probiotics, with their positive impact on inflammation and immunity, have emerged as potential adjuncts in patient care. Continued research is imperative to fully harness the potential of microbiome-based interventions in the management of gastric cancer.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.238-242
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• 2009

Recently coastal seawater has been contaminated by enteric viruses such as the norovirus via untreated groundwater globally. Accordingly, the consumption of molluscan shellfish from seawater that has been contaminated with fecal material has become an important issues. The levels of enteric viruses in seawater are low and recovery and concentration of the virus from large volumes of water is difficult. We compared the effectiveness of two representative method of concentrating virus using negatively and positively charged filters. The mean retention of seeded FCV by HAMF and NCCF was 48% and 78%, respectively. Overall, the recovery of NCCF was 43.3$\pm$11% better than that of HAMF. However, the eluate obtained by using beef extract solution in the NCCF procedure caused an inhibitory effect on the RT-PCR; therefore, it was necessary to employ a PCR inhibitor removal procedure. The HAMF eluate contained no PCR inhibitors, but HAMF was not an effective method of concentrating the virus from large volumes of natural seawater due to clogging.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.419-425
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• 1997

The pharmacokinetics of DWP20364 (1-cyclopropyl -5-amino-6,8-difluoro-7-(2,7-diazabiclo [3,3,0] oct-4-ene-7-yl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid), a novel fluoroquinolone containing C7-bicyc-talc structure, were compared with those of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) after single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration to rats using microbiological assay (bioassay). After i.v. administration to rats, the plasma concentrations of the two drugs declined biexponentially. The terminal half-lives (t$_{1}$2$\beta$/) of DWP20364 were 110$\pm$ 13.2 min and 117$\pm$3.09 min after i.v. and p.o. administration, respectively, and they were significantly higher than those of CPFX (45.5$\pm$9.52 min and 48.3$\pm$ 12.1 min, respectively). Similar results were also obtained from plasma concentrations and area under the plasma concentration-time curves. The total body clearance of DWP20364, 7.82$\pm$0.37 ml/min/kg was significantly slower than that of CPFX, 27.3 $\pm$ 11.1 m1/ min/kg. Above data suggested that the antimicrobial activity of DWP20364 could be longer than that of CPFX. The urinary recovery after i.v. and p.o. administration of DWP20364 was significantly lower than those of CPFX suggesting that the effect of DWP20364 on urinary tract infection could be lower than that of CPFX. The serum protein binding values of DWP20364 at 2$\mu$g/ml were apparently 91.5~93.1% in rats and human. DWP20364 was distributed by the order of liver, lung, kidney, sf)leon, heart, muscle and brain collected at 30 min after orally administered.