• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1592-1605
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• 2022

Objective: The objective of this study was to select an effective in vitro digestion-fermentation model to estimate the effect of decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) on odor emission during pig production and to suggest potential prediction markers through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Methods: In the in vitro experiment, three diet formulations with different CP contents (170 g/kg, 150 g/kg, and 130 g/kg) but containing the same standardized ileal digestible essential amino acids (SID-EAA) were assessed. Each diet was evaluated by two different in vitro gastric-intestinal phase digestion methods (flask and dialysis), combined with fresh pig feces-ferment inoculation. Eighteen growing barrows (31.9±1.6 kg) were divided into three groups: control diet (180 g CP/kg, without SID-EAA adjustment), 170 g CP/kg diet, and 150 g CP/kg diet for 4 weeks. Results: The in vitro digestion results indicated that in vitro digestibility was affected by the gastric-intestinal phase digestion method and dietary CP level. According to the gas kinetic and digestibility results, the dialysis method showed greater distinguishability for dietary CP level adjustment. Nitrogen-related odor compounds (NH₃-N, indole, p-cresol, and skatole) were highly correlated with urease and protease activity. The feeding study indicated that both EAA-adjusted diets resulted in a lower odor emission especially in p-cresol and skatole. Both protease and urease activity in feces were also closely related to odor emissions from nitrogen metabolism compounds. Conclusion: Dialysis digestion in the gastric-intestinal phase followed by fresh fecal inoculation fermentation is suitable for in vitro diet evaluation. The enzyme activity in the fermentation and the fecal samples might provide a simple and effective estimation tool for nitrogen-related odor emission prediction in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.1035-1045
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine whether spraying an anti-microbial agent into the slurry pit will reduce the noxious odor substances from piggery barns. For this, a total of 200 crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) growing pigs with an initial average body weight (BW) of 23.58 ± 1.47 kg were selected and housed in two different rooms, i.e. control (CON) and treatment (TRT). Each room has 100 pigs (60 gilts and 40 borrows). For a period of 42 days, all pigs were fed with corn-soybean meal-based basal diet. Later the noxious odor substances were measured by the following methods. First, fecal samples were randomly collected and stored in sealed and unsealed containers, and sprayed with the non-anti-microbial agent (NAMA) (saline water) and multi-bacterial spraying (MBS) agent (200 :1, mixing ratio-fecal sample : probiotic), Second, the slurry pit of CON and TRT rooms were directly sprayed with NAMA and MBS, respectively. The fecal sample that was stored in sealed and un-sealed containers and sprayed with MBS significantly reduced NH₃ and CO₂ concentration at the end of day 7. However, at the end of day 42, the fecal sample showed a lower H₂S, methyl mercaptans, acetic acid, and CO₂ concentration compared to the unsealed container. Moreover, at the end of days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 compared to the CON room and TRT room slurry pit emits lower concentrations of NH₃, acetic acid, H₂S, and methyl mercaptans, and CO₂ into the atmosphere. Based on the current findings, we infer that spraying anti-microbial agents on pig dung would be one of the better approaches to suppress the odor emission from the barn in the future.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2019

Curcumin ($C_{21}H_{20}O_6$) is a hydrophobic polyphenol found in turmeric. Although curcumin has been used as a natural medicine, its major limitation is related to poor absorption from the gut. Therefore, we developed a method for preparation of Curcumin Nanospheres (CN) to improve the aqueous-phase solubility of curcumin and investigate the functional role of CN in promoting feed efficiency and odor reduction in mice. CN showed inhibitory effects on actate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity induced by ecotoxic substance toluene in gut epithelial HCT116 cells. In addition, the weights of internal organs (liver, heart, kidneys, and spleen) and the levels of serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT), Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT), and LDH did not show significant differences between mice administered oral CN for two weeks and compared to the control group. Interestingly, CN not only reduced hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) and ammonia ($NH_3$) levels and fecal odor, but also improved feed efficiency in mice. These results demonstrate that oral nano-delivery of anti-ecotoxicological CN is a functional system to deliver curcumin to the gut to improve feed efficiency and reduce fecal odor in mice.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.265-273
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect d concentrated fermented milk on the improvement of defecation in female students with constipation. This yogurt was fermented with Bifidobacterium, L. acidophilus, and S. thermophilus and supplemented with oligosaccharides, dietary fiber, and yeast and mushroom extracts. 44 female students with constipation were sampled as subjects and fed 150ml fermented milk per day for 2 weeks period. After each defecation, the subjects were examined for the status of stool evacuation by questionnaires. The frequency of stool evacuation, fecal amount, time spending for evacuation, fecal color and shape, and refreshing feeling after evacuation were remarkably improved after ingestion of fermented milk for 2 weeks. These effects were greater in the heavy constipation group than in the mild group. The fecal odor did rot decrease significantly after 2 weeks of intake of fermented milk, but the odor thended to decrease after the intake of fermented milk These results indicated that the ingestion of concentrated fermented milk is effective to improve the constipation.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.50-59
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of organic medicinal charcoal as a feed additive on aflatoxin absorption, odor emission, fecal microflora and in vitro digestibility in pig diet. A 10-day trial was conducted with 20 [(Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) ${\times}$ Duroc] finishing pigs ($BW=81{\pm}3.3kg$) to investigate the population of Lactobacillus and E. coli in feces and fecal odor ($NH_3$, $H_2S$, total mercaptans, and Acetic acid) in vivo. The in vitro and in vivo treatments included: control (basal diet; CON); (basal diet + 0.25% Organic Medicinal Charcoal; OMC); (basal diet + 0.50% Pyroligneous Charcoal; PC); and (basal diet + 0.50% Coconut tree Charcoal; CC). The aflatoxin absorption capacity was 100, 10, and 20% in OMC, PC, and CC, respectively. The digestibility of dry matter in OMC was significantly higher than that of CON, PC, or CC in vitro (p < 0.05). The digestibility of organic matter in OMC was found to be significantly different from that of CON (p < 0.05). Fecal ammonia and $H_2S$ emissions of OMC were observed to be significantly lower than those of CON, PC, and CC (p < 0.05). Lactobacillus counts in feces of OMC and CC were significantly higher than those of CON and PC (p < 0.05). Fecal E. coli counts of OMC and CC were lower than those of CON and PC (p < 0.05). It was concluded that organic medicinal charcoal can be used as a feed additive in pig diets because it improves the digestibility of feed and fecal odor, and has positive effects on the population of microorganism in feces.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different mixing ratios of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis in diets on nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, and odor gas emissions of growing pigs. A total of four crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows with average body weight (BW) of 41.2 ± 0.7 kg were randomly allotted four diets over four periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were as follows: Control (CON, basal diet), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L4S6, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 4:6 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L5S5, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 5:5 ratio), CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (L6S4, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis at a 6:4 ratio). Dietary probiotic supplementation showed higher crude protein (CP) digestibility values and lower Escherichia coli counts in fecal samples than the CON group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in NH₃ or H₂S emission until day 3. The positive effect of H₂S and NH₃ emissions was detected earlier with the L4S6 and L5S5 compared to the L6S4, which had a lower ratio of B. subtilis. Both the L4S6 and L5S5 probiotic complexes significantly decreased the fecal H₂S and NH₃ emission in days 4 and 6 (p < 0.05). On day 7, all probiotic complexes decreased (p < 0.05) H₂S and NH₃ emissions than the CON group. Our results agreed that the dietary supplementation of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis complexes in growing pigs can significantly improve CP digestibility and reduce fecal E. coli counts, NH₃ and H₂S emissions. Notably, the higher mixing ratio of Bacillus subtilis in probiotic supplementation is more effective in reducing the odor of manure.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.485-498
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• 2008

본 연구는 희토의 첨가가 비육돈의 생산성, 면역관련 혈액학적 지표, 육질특성 및 분내 유해가스발생 함량에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위하여 시험을 실시하였다. 3원 교잡종 비육돈 64두를 공시하였으며, 시험 개시시 체중이 65.42±1.16kg 이었고, 10주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 1)Antibiotic free diet (NC), 2)NC diet+6 weeks 44ppm of tylosin/4 weeks 22ppm of tylosin(PC) 3)NC diet+100ppm of RE(RE1) 및 4)NC diet+200ppm of RE (RE2)로 4개 처리를 하여 처리당 4반복, 반복당 4두씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 사양시험 기간 동안 일당증체량, 일당사료섭취량 및 사료효율은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 건물 및 질소 소화율은 RE2처리구가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05). 에너지소화율은 RE2처리구가 NC 및 RE1처리구와 비교하여 높은 소화율을 나타내었다(P<0.05). WBC 수준은 6주에서 RE1처리구가 NC 및 RE2처리구와 비교하여 높은 함량을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 배최장근의 명도를 나타내는 L*값은 희토를 첨가한 RE1 및 RE2처리구가 NC처리구와 비교하여 높게 나타났으나(P<0.05), a* 값은 PC처리구가 RE1처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 근내지방 내 지방산 조성에 있어서 total MUFA는 RE2처리구가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 높은 함량을 나타내었으며(P<0.05), total UFA는 RE2처리구가 PC처리구와 비교하여 높았다(P<0.05). 등지방 내 지방산 조성에 있어서 Total SFA는 PC처리구가 희토를 첨가한 RE1 및 RE2처리구와 비교하여 높은 함량은 나타내었다(P<0.05). Total UFA/SFA는 희토를 첨가한 RE1 및 RE2처리구가 PC처리구와 비교하여 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 분내 유해가스 물질의 발생 함량에 있어서 암모니아(NH3)는 희토를 첨가한 RE1 및 RE2 처리구가 NC 및 PC처리구와 비교하여 낮은 함량을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 본 시험의 결과 비육돈에 희토의 첨가는 영양소 소화율, 육질특성, 지방산조성 및 분내 유해가스 함량에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1795-1798
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• 2003

Fecal malodor is an acute environmental issue to be solved for the intensive animal agriculture in Japan. Among these substances volatile sulfur such as hydrogen sulfide (HS), methanethiol, and dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide are the ones most strictly controlled in the Japanese national regulations. In this experiment, we have screened a range of standard strains of chemoheterotrophic bacteria and of the presently isolated soil bacteria for their capacity to decompose HS. We have demonstrated that Comamonas testosteroni $JCM5832^T$ and our isolate Bacillus sp. had a potential to reduce malodor when applied to the pig feces.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

본 연구는 산란계 사료 내 분변토 발효 사료 첨가제(Fermented earthworm cast additives, FEC)의 급여가 계란 생산, 난황 지방산, 혈액 지질, 맹장 미생물 및 분변의 악취 가스에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 2개의 처리구는 대조군과 FEC 3.5%를 함유하는 시험군으로 구분하였다. 계란 생산은 FEC가 대조군에 비해서 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 난황 지방산의 n-6/n-3의 비율은 FEC가 대조군에 비해서 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 혈액 HDL 콜레스테롤은 FEC가 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높았으나, 중성 지방 및 총 콜레스테롤의 경우 그 반대의 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 맹장의 Lactobacillus는 FEC가 대조군과 비교할 때 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 축사 내 암모니아는 FEC가 대조군에 비해서 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 결론적으로 본 결과는 산란계 사료 내 FEC 3.5%를 첨가 급여해 주면 계란 생산과 난황의 n-6/n-3 지방산 비율을 개선함과 동시에 분변의 악취 저감 효과를 갖는다는 점을 보여준다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.503-512
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• 2006

본 시험은 육성돈 사료내 생균제 (Lactobacillus brevis, 3.4×108 CFU/g)의 첨가, 급여가 생산성, 건물과 질소 소화율, 혈구수 및 분 내 악취 발생 물질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 개시시 체중 24.60±1.28kg의 3원교잡종 [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] 육성돈 96두를 공시하여 42일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 옥수수－대두박 위주의 사료내 생균제를 첨가하지 않은 CON (basal diet), 생균제를 0.2% 첨가한 LB1 과 생균제를 0.4% 첨가한 LB2의 3개 처리구로 하여 처리당 8반복, 반복당 4두씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 전체 시험기간동안의 일당증체량, 일당사료섭취량 및 사료효율에서 있어서는 처리구간 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다(P<0.05). 질소 소화율에서 LB1 과 LB2 처리구가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(linear effect, P<0.05). 그러나 건물 소화율에 있어서는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 혈액내 WBC, RBC 및 lymphocyte 함량에 있어서는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 분내 암모니아태 질소 및 황화수소의 함량은 LB2 처리구가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 감소하였다(linear effect, P<0.05). 분내 acetic acid 와 propionic acid 함량에서는 BMS2 처리구가 대조구와 비교하여 유의적으로 감소하였다(linear effect, P<0.05), butyric acid 에서는 각 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 결론적으로, 육성돈 사료내 0.4%의 Lactobacillus brevis (3.4×108 CFU/g) 첨가는 질소 소화율 향상 및 분내 악취 발생 물질 함량을 감소 시키는 것으로 사료된다.