• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.569-578
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• 2007

This study investigated the effects of chitosan on cadmium(Cd) toxicity and mineral metabolism in rats exposed to cadmium by oral administration. Six week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. Four groups were fed AIN-93G based 3% ${\alpha}$-cellulose diets while the others were fed 3% chitosan diets for four weeks with oral administration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg Cd/2ml distilled water three times a week, respectively. Cd contents in the serum, liver, kidney, testis and bone, and the excretion of cadmium in feces were determined. There was no significant difference in weight gain and food intake among groups. Cadmium contents in the serum, liver, kidney, testis, femur and lumbar were significantly increased in proportion to the administration level of Cd (p<0.05). A protective effect of chitosan on cadmium toxicity in tissue was shown only in the high level cadmium-intake group. The fecal excretion, absorption of Cd were increased by the administration levels of cadmium. These results suggest that Cd administration may facilitate the accumulation of Cd in the blood and tissue in proportion to the amount of administration, and also, that chitosan may be effective in lowering the accumulation of cadmium.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2004

The effects of kimchis intake on Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach, the counts of lactic acid bacteria in the large intestine, and bacterial enzymes ($\beta$-glucosidase, $\beta$-glucuronidase) and pH in feces were examined. A total of 20 participants (age range 34 ∼ 57) were assessed for H. pylori infection status by Be urea breath test. Fourteen participants were eliminated because they were H. pylori-negative. This study consisted of 4 consecutive phase, each of which lasted 4 weeks. Three hundred grams of kimchi were administered to H. pylori-infected subjects during the kimchi phase, followed by 4 weeks of control phase. During the control phase, subjects consumed 60 g of kimchi, the minimum amount in their customary diets. All participants were found to be H. pylori-positive during all experimental periods. During the kimchi phase, delta over baseline (DOB) level was lower than during the control phase, although significant difference between the kimchi and control phases were not found (p=0.9439). However, the counts of Lactobacillus sp. and Leuconostoc sp. significantly (p < 0.0005) increased during the kimchi phase. $\beta$-Glucosidase and $\beta$-glucuronidase activities and pH were significantly decreased by kimchi intake compared to control (p=0.000l). These results suggested that kimchi consumption did not show any therapeutic effect on H. pylori in the stomach. However, kimchi seemed to be a good food for colon health, since it increased the beneficial bacteria such as lactobacillus and decreased toxic enzyme ($\beta$-glucosidase and $\beta$-glucuronidase) activity and pH.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

This research was carried out to determine the effect of dietary calcium(Ca) levels(low : 0.29, medium : 0.65 and high : 1.07%) on the digestibility, excretion and retention of nitrogen(N) phosphorus (P) in pigs fed diets supplemented with phytase(750U/kg). Twelve growing-finishing pigs(average body weight: 35kg) were divided into 3 groups and these pigs were reared in metabolism cage. After 10 days adaptation period, N and P balance experiments were carried out for 4 days. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The High-Ca group was lower than the others in digestibility of P(Low-Ca and Medium-Ca group). 2. The amount of daily excretion of urinary N were 19.6g in Low-Ca group and 16.7g in high-Ca group. The High-Ca group was the lowest(22.71%/d) in the total N excretion. 3. The High-Ca group was the highest and the Low-Ca group the lowest in fecal P excretion. The urinary P excretions per day were 1.90g in Low-Ca group and 0.04g in High-Ca group. The medium-Ca group showed the lowest total P excretion(4.57g/d). 4. The N retention of the High-Ca group(20.50g) was greater than that of the Low-Ca group and Medium-Ca(5.02)g was the highest and the Low-Ca groups(3.92g) was the lowest in the P retention. These results indicate that dietary Ca level was an important factor influencing N and P utilization in pigs.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.91-102
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• 1982

This study was designed to find out the nutritional defect of general Korean diet and the effective way of nutritional supplementation. Seventy weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 51.8$\pm$0.9g were blocked into ten groups and fed ten different diets ad libitum for eight weeks: Standard groups(st gp) was given 72% sugar-20% casein diet: Cereal-vegetable group(c-v gp) was fed cereal-vegetable diet(c-v diet) composed of rice, barley, soybean, spinach and cabbage: the other eight groups were fed c-v diets supplemented with casein, vitamin $B_{2}$, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B2 and A, vitamin A and calcium, vitamin $B_{2}$ and calcium, vitamin A and $B_{2}$and calcium, respectively, on the basis of each nutrients content of standard diet. The results were as follows: 1. Food intakes and body weight gains in all the experimental groups were significantly lower than st gp. Among experimental groups, casein gp and vit B2 gp tended to gain more body weights than c-v gp. 2. Through all the experimental period, F.E.R., pp.E.R., and NDPcal% did nod show significant differences among all the experimental groups and st gp. 3. The weights of liver, kidney, and gastrocnemius were significantly lower in all the experimental groups as compared with st gp. But brain and sex organ weights did not show differences among all the groups. 4. Nitrogen contents of total carcass, liver, and gastrocnemius in all the experimental groups tended to be increased as compared with st gp, and among experimental groups, they tended to be increased by casein supplementation and decreased by ca supplementation. 5. Apparent nitrogen digestibility, urinary and fecal nitrogen excretion, the amount of nitrogen retained, and N.P.U. did not show any significant differences among all the groups. 6. Serum total protein concentrations did not show any significant differences among all the groups.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2008

This study was performed to examine the effects of onion powder supplementation on lipid metabolism in male SD rats fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet. Experimental groups were control (C), high fat fed group (HF), high fat+onion powder intake (OP), high fat+quercetin intake (Q). The HF diet contained 1% cholesterol, 4% lard, 0.3% Na-taurocholate, and quercetin supplementation level was 0.1 g/kg diet. The OP group showed lower body weight gains compared to the control, while there was no significant difference in food efficiency ratio efficiency. When the proportion of fecal bile acids per total lipids was calculated, there was a significant decrease in the HF group compared to the control group, while the levels of the control group was same as that of the OP group. There was no significant difference between the HF and Q groups in bile acid/total lipid in feces. The amount of total cholesterol in liver increased significantly in HF group compared to the control group, while total cholesterol decreased significantly in the OP group compared to the HF group. There was a significant decrease in GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) activity in OP and Q groups compared to the HF group. In conclusion, feeding onion powder to hyperlipidemic rates appeared to control weight gain, significantly lower the level of total cholesterol in the liver, and recover GOT activity. We also demonstrated that onion powder intake was more effective than quercetin intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.10-24
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• 1977

The effects of dietary cellulose to utilize the intake nutrients in the albino rats were investigated by the two consecutive experiments in this study. The author wanted to observe the effects of the age of animals and different level of dietary cellulose, high and low in the first experiment and the effects of dietary cellulose from three different sources, rice bran, vegetable and pure-cellulose at high level in the second experiment. The results were summarized as follows. (1) The obvious effect of dietary cellulose caused to increase feces weight. Consequently apparent digestibilities of intake nutrients in the diet decreased. It was noteworthy that fecal glucose excretion was significantly affected by cellulose intake. Since three nutrients, protein, fat and carbohydrate serve as energy sources in the body, this result can be interpreted to be lowered in the efficiency of energy utilization out of intake from the diet. (2) The nutrients loss due to dietary cellulose resulted in reduction of skeletal muscle and bone weights which lead eventually to affect in reduction of body weight. (3) The effects of dietary cellulose showed differently according to the amount of cellulose ingested, dietary nutrients composition, the kinds of dietary cellulose supplemented and the age of experimental animals. When the intake diet was proportionately imbalanced in three different energy sources, carbohydrate, fat and protein, the cellulose intake was adversely affected in the utilization of the nutrients in the body. Cellulose from rice bran decreased body weight gain, cellulose from vegetable maintained medium level in body weight and pure-cellulose increased body weight. Growing rats showed more sensitive effects of cellulose tolerance in the body than grown rats in every concerns of this experiment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.904-918
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• 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cooling systems on reproductive performance, body temperature, blood metabolites, and the intestinal microbiome in early gestating sows exposed to high ambient temperature. In total, 39 pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; 2 parities) were randomly assigned to and maintained in the following three treatment groups (13 sows per group) over days 0 to 35 of pregnancy: (i) air cooling (AC; 26.87 ± 1.23℃), (ii) water-drip cooling (WC; 28.81 ± 0.91℃), and (iii) a lack of cooling with heat stress (HS; 30.72 ± 0.70℃). Backfat thickness was measured before and after HS. Feces were collected on day 0 and 35 d of the trial for microbiome analysis, whereas blood was taken at day 35 of pregnancy and analyzed. Reproductive performance and physiological responses were identified at day 35. Respiration rate along with rectal and skin temperatures were lower (p < 0.05) in the AC group than in the HS and WC groups. Serum blood urea nitrogen values were increased (p < 0.05) in the WC group compared with those measured in the AC and HS groups. Triiodothyronine was found at greater levels (p < 0.05) in the AC than in the HS group. Reproductive performance was not affected by the cooling systems. At the phylum level, fecal pathogenic Spirochaete and Euryarchaeota were found in higher numbers (p < 0.05) in all groups after HS. Similarly, at the genus level, the amount of Treponema was greater (p < 0.05) in all groups after HS. In conclusion, our results suggest that AC or WC can ameliorate or mitigate the adverse effects of HS on the physiological parameters of pregnant sows reared under high temperatures.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2020

Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) has been a significant cause of economic losses in pig farming industry since 1950s. Although transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has declined in recent years, it should not be excluded because of its characteristics; the frequency of gene mutation, the mortality in piglets, and the possibility for sudden incidence. Therefore, the herd-level monitoring of the virus is important to prevent further circulation of TGE. The aim of this study is to develop a large-scale sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with high specificity to rapidly detect TGEV in feces by using monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). The TGEV specific Mabs were produced in hybridoma cells. Among the Mabs belonged to the IgG class developed by this study, the final selected 8H6, 1B7, 4G3, and 1F8 were identified to have the neutralization ability against TGEV. The sandwich ELISA was established using 8H6 as a reporter antibody and 1B7 and the reported 5C8 as a capture antibody. The developed sandwich ELISA was able to distinguish TGEV from other pathogenic diarrheal agents (porcine rotavirus, porcine reovirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), E. coli, and C. perfringens) in tissue culture as well as fecal samples. And the detection rate of TGEV in feces was 80% compared with RT-PCR. The results suggested that the developed sandwich ELISA may be useful in the herd-level monitoring for effective preventive measures due to the early diagnosis of TGEV using a large amount of samples.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권11호
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• pp.1700-1708
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of β-mannanase on metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of protein in various feedstuffs including barley, copra meal, corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), palm kernel meal, sorghum, and soybean meal. Methods: A basal diet was formulated with 94.8% corn and 0.77% amino acids, minerals, and vitamins and test diets replacing corn-basal diets with barley, corn DDGS, sorghum, soybean meal, or wheat (50%, respectively) and copra meal or palm kernel meal (30%, respectively). The basal diet and test diets were evaluated by using triplicated or quadruplicated 2×2 Latin square designs consisting of 2 diets and 2 periods with a total of 54 barrows at 20.6±0.6 kg (9 wk of age). Dietary treatments were levels of β-mannanase supplementation (0 or 800 U/kg of feed). Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d following a 4-d adaptation period. The ME and ATTD of crude protein (CP) in feedstuffs were calculated by a difference procedure. Data were analyzed using Proc general linear model of SAS. Results: Supplementation of β-mannanase improved (p<0.05) ME of barley (10.4%), palm kernel meal (12.4%), sorghum (6.0%), and soybean meal (2.9%) fed to growing pigs. Supplementation of β-mannanase increased (p<0.05) ATTD of CP in palm kernel meal (8.8%) and tended to increase (p = 0.061) ATTD of CP in copra meal (18.0%) fed to growing pigs. Conclusion: This study indicates that various factors such as the structure and the amount of β-mannans, water binding capacity, and the level of resistant starch vary among feedstuffs and the efficacy of supplemental β-mannanase may be influenced by these factors.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 2014

This experiment evaluated the interaction effect of extreme heat diet(EHD), inverse lighting, and cool water on the growth performance of broiler chickens under extreme heat stress. There were 4 experimental groups (T1: EHD 1, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water $9^{\circ}C$; T2: EHD 2, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water $9^{\circ}C$; T3: EHD 1, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water $14^{\circ}C$; T4: EHD 2, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water $14^{\circ}C$), each group composed of 25 broilers and the experiment was repeated 3 times. EHD 1 contained soybean oil, molasses, methionine and lysine. EHD 2 contained all nutrients of EHD 1 and vitamin C additionally. As a result, T1 and T2 displayed higher body weight increase and diet intake compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The weights of their liver and gizzard were similar but the weights of the thymus and bursa F were higher for T1 and T2 compared to that of T3 and T4 (p<0.05). It was observed that T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C and blood sugar compared to that of T3 and T4 but LDL-C level was higher for T3 and T4 compared to that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher levels of immunity substances such as IgG, IgA and IgM compared to T3 and T4 but the blood level of corticosterone displayed to be lower for T1 and T2 compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The T1 and T2 contained a higher amount of fecal lactobacillus compared to that of T3 and T4 but the T3 and T4 contained a higher amount of fecal E. coli, total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria compared to that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of cecal acetic acid, propionic acid and total short chain fatty acids compared to T3 and T4 but T3 and T4 displayed higher concentrations of butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid compared to T1 and T2 (p<0.05). These results have been observed that broiler chickens exposed to extreme heat stress with feeding EHD, inverse lighting and cold water would improve blood lipid, and elevate the production of immunity substance, beneficial microorganisms, and short chain fatty acids. This provision would also reduce the blood sugar consumption rate as energy sources and these effects will improve the growth performance of the broilers exposed to extreme heat.