• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

한우 거세 비육우에 출하 전 163일간 LPLT구(CP 12%, TDN 73%)와 LPHT구(CP : 12%, TDN : 75%), HPHT구(CP : 14%, TDN : 75%)로 배합사료를 급여한 사양시험결과 일당증체량은 LPHT구에 비하여 대조구와 HPHT구가 높은 것으로 조사되어 증체가 많았던 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.05). 사료요구율 역시 LPHT구에 비하여 LPLT구와 HPHT구의 사료이용효율이 좋았던 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.05). 도체율은 영양소의 추가적인 급여가 영향하지 않는 것으로 조사되었으나 수송감량에서는 HPHT구의 수송감량이 대조구와 LPHT구에 비하여 적은 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.05). 등지방두께와 배최장근단면적에서 HPHT구가 유의하게 개선되었으며, 냉도체중 및 육량지수에는 영향하지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. 육량등급의 수취에서 등지방두께와 정의 영향을 주는 배최장근단면적이 높았던 HPHT구가 LPLT구와 LPHT구에 비하여 유의하게 개선된 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.05). 육질형질 중 근내지방도는 대조구와 LPHT구에 비하여 HPHT구가 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였고 이 영향으로 육질등급의 수취에서도 그대로 반영되어 유의하게 개선된 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.001). 그러나 다른 육질에 영향하는 항목들에서는 대조구와 처리구간의 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 지육경락가격은 LPLT구(17,904원)와 LPHT구(18,094원)에 비하여 HPHT구(18,899원)가 유의하게 수취금액이 높았다(P<0.01). 특히 최종 육질등급 출현율을 살펴보면 1등급이상 출현율에서 대조구는 79.2%로 나타난 반면 LPHT구는 72.7%가 출현되었고 HPHT구는 90.8%의 출현율을 나타내었다. 배최장근단면적의 이화학적 특성 분석에서 대조구와 LPHT구 및 HPHT구에서 통계적으로 유의한 수준의 변화는 없었다. 다만 HPHT구의 조지방함량이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다(P=0.088). 등심 중의 지방산의 조성변화는 포화지방산의 경우 stearic acid 함량이 HPHT구에서 대조구에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였고, 불포화지방산은 Myristoleic acid 및 oleic acid의 함량이 대조구나 LPHT구에 비하여 HPHT구에서 유의한 증가를 보였다(P<0.05). 이러한 결과는 단일불포화 지방산함량 대비 포화지방산의 비율에도 영향을 미친 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구에서 발육성적에서 HPHT구가 개선되었고 도체등급에서도 HPHT구가 현저히 개선되는 경향을 보였으며, 또한 도체의 지방산조성에서도 영향을 미친 것으로 조사되었다. 다만 한우 거세우에서 수행한 본 연구의 이 같은 발육성적과 도체의 성적을 고찰함에 있어서 비육용 배합사료의 원가 분석과 함께 시판되는 농후사료의 단가체계 등에 대한 고찰이 추가적으로 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.989-998
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• 2004

Holstein 거세우 48두를 대상으로 육성기 농후사료 급여수준 및 출하월령에 따른 산육능력 및 도체특성 구명을 위해 6개 처리(T1 : 자유채식 19개월령 출하, T2 : 제한급여 19개월령 출하, T3 : 자유채식 22개월령 출하, T4 : 제한급여 22개월령 출하, T5 : 자유채식 25개월령 출하, T6 : 제한급여 25개월령 출하)를 두어 4개월령부터 25개월령까지 사양시험 후 도체조사를 실시한 결과, 육성기 농후사료 자유채식 및 제한급여에 따른 출하월령별 체중 및 전기간의 일당증체량은 19, 22 및 25개월령에 각각 657.7${\sim}$731.3kg과 1.090${\sim}$1.245kg, 749.0${\sim}$776.5kg과 1.079${\sim}$1.130kg, 그리고 772.4${\sim}$811.9kg과 0.975${\sim}$1.030kg으로, 출하체중은 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하월령이 높을수록 높았고, 일당증체량도 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하월령이 낮을수록 높았으며, 제한급여가 자유채식보다 약 8.3% 증가하였고 출하월령이 경과됨에 따라 월평균 2.0%씩 감소하였다. 1kg 증체에 소요된 TDN은 평균 6.765kg 이었고, 제한급여가 자유채식보다 8.4% 적게 소요되었고, 출하시기가 1개월 늦어짐에 따라 소요량이 약 4%가 증가되었다. 도체조사 결과, 등지방두께 및 등심단면적은 4.6${\sim}$8.5mm(평균 6.7mm) 및 73.8${\sim}$81.8cm2(평균 77.1cm2)로 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하시기가 늦어질수록 두껍거나 넓어졌고, 근내지방도는 1.17${\sim}$3.67(평균 2.46)로 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하시기가 늦어질수록 높았다. 경제성 분석결과 총 소득은 537.2${\sim}$1,071.8천원/두으로 자유채식보다 제한급여가 그리고 출하월령이 늦어질수록 높았지만, 월평균 소득은 26.4${\sim}$52.9천원/두으로 T4>T6>T2의 순으로 높았다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, Holstein 거세우 비육시 조사료원이 볏짚일 경우, 육성기에는 농후사료를 체중의 1.9% 수준으로 그리고 비육기에는 자유채식의 형태로 하되, 22${\sim}$25개월령 사이에 출하하는 것이 바람직 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1007-1018
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• 2003

평균체중 120kg 내외의 생후 5개월령 한우 27두를 외과적 수술로 거세를 실시한 후 대조구(볏짚 급여구) 10두와 시험구(마늘대 사일리지 급여구) 17두로 나누어 사양시험을 22개월 동안 실시하였다. 농후사료는 대조구에서 육성기, 비육전기 및 비육후기 동안 각각 체중의 1.34, 1.69 및 1.65%를 급여하였고 시험구에서는 1.47, 1.74 및 1.66%를 급여하였다. 조사료원으로 볏짚을 대조구에서 육성기, 비육전기 및 비육후기 동안 각각 체중의 1.37, 0.65 및 0.43%를 급여하였고 시험구에서는 1.38, 0.63 및 0.43%를 급여하였다. 또한 시험구에서는 마늘대 사일리지를 비육전기 및 비육후기 동안 각각 체중의 0.22 및 0.33%를 급여하였다. 본시험의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 일당증체량은 전기간 동안 대조구와 시험구간에 각각 0.80 및 0.81kg으로 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P〉0.05). 농후사료 섭취량은 대조구와 시험구 각각 5.02kg 및 5.35kg으로 시험구가 약간 높았지만 유의적인 차이는 없었으며(P〉0.05), 조사료 섭취량은 대조구와 시험구 각각 2.58 및 3.58kg이었고, 사료효율은 대조구와 시험구가 각각 9.50 및 11.05로 차이는 없었다. 육량 등급은 마늘대 급여구가 약간 낮았지만 유의적인 차이는 없었고(P〉0.05), 육질 등급은 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 시험구가 약간 높았다. 쇠고기의 전단력은 마늘대 급여구가 볏짚 급여구보다 낮았다. 도체의 아미노산 조성은 필수 아미노산 및 비필수 아미노산 모두 처리구간에 차이가 나타나지 않았고, 도체의 지방산 조성 중 포화 지방산은 대조구가 약간 높았고, 불포화 지방산은 반대로 처리구가 약간 높았다. $\omega$-6과 $\omega$-3 지방산의 비율은 마늘대 급여구가 볏짚 급여구보다 좁아서 마늘대 급여가 불포화지방산중 oleic acid 함량이 볏짚 급여구에 비하여 더 높아서 근육 중의 지방산의 조성을 좋게 하는 것 같다. 두당 소득은 시험구가 대조구보다 22.54% 증가하였다. 이상의 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때 한우 거세우에 마늘대 사일리지를 비육기간 동안 급여하면 거세우의 증체에는 영향을 주지는 않지만, 한우 사육 농가에는 소득의 증대를 가져오므로 마늘대 사일리지를 조사료 공급원으로 급여하는 것이 바람직하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2010

Thirty-six Najdi ram lambs, weighing an average of 24 kg and circa 3 months old, were utilized in this trial to evaluate the effects of various alfalfa hay particle lengths in the diet on growth performance, digestion coefficients, nitrogen retention and carcass characteristics. Lambs were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments: 9.5 and 14 mm diets, where alfalfa hay was processed to 9.5 and 14 mm particle lengths, respectively, mixed with 3 parts of concentrate and pelleted as a total mixed ration (TMR), and long hay diet, where one part of loose alfalfa hay (17.8${\pm}$2.4 cm) was offered in combination with 3 parts of only-concentrate pellet. All dietary treatments were homogeneous in their ingredient composition. All lambs were slaughtered after a 14-week feeding trial. Although the results showed no significant effect of hay particle length on DMI, TDN and DCP, lambs fed the 9.5 mm pelleted diet had higher (p<0.05) final body weight, ADG, gain efficiency and nitrogen retention than lambs fed the 14 mm and long hay diets. Altering the particle length of alfalfa hay in diets did not affect the digestibility of DM or CP, whereas digestibilities of ADF and NDF were 3.7% and 5.4% higher (p<0.05), respectively, for the long hay diet versus the 9.5 mm pelleted diet. Hot carcass weight, percentage of separable lean from the $9-11^{th}$ rib joint, and percentages of protein and EE in the separable lean increased (p<0.05) as the particle length of alfalfa hay in the diet decreased. Under the conditions of this study, the reduction of particle length in the TMR played an important role in enhancing performance without altering DM consumption, and this may lead to more efficient productivity of lamb fattening compared with longer chopping lengths.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.253-259
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different additives on the growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in Holstein steers during 18month fattening periods. Twenty four Holstein steers, 5months of age and 176.6kg, were randomly allocated to 3 experimental groups 8 animals each for 18-months feeding trial. The groups were control (not additive), T1 (fed zinc, Vitamin C) and T2 (fed zinc, Vitamin C, Vitamin B6 and Selenium). According to feeding additives, final weight was not significantly different among the treatment groups, tended to be high at T2 group (827kg) compared to the other groups. Average daily gain was not different among the treatment groups during the experimental periods, but T2 group was significantly greater than T1 group in growing stage (p<0.05). The feed additives had no effects on DMI during experimental periods. Feed conversion ratio of T1 group in growing stage was significantly higher than those of other groups (p<0.05), average feed conversion ratio was tend to be decreased at T2 group rather compared with other groups. In the results of yield traits, carcass weight were relatively higher in T2 group than other groups (p<0.05). Rib-eye area, back fat thickness and yield index were similar between groups. In quality traits, marbling, meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were not significantly different among the groups. In economic efficiency, income was highest at T2 group as 91~393 thousand won among 3 groups.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.597-602
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• 2010

In this study, pigs [n=117; (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc; $64{\pm}0.5$ Kg initial body weight] were used to investigate the effect of feeding different levels of lacquer (Rhus verniciflua Stokes) meal on performance, carcass traits and quality of meat kept under refrigeration at $3{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The pigs were randomly allotted to 3 treatments on the basis of body weight and sex and each treatment was replicated 3 times (13 pigs in each replicate). Lacquer meal in sawdust form obtained from the stem bark and heartwood of sun-dried lacquer trees was added to the grower and finisher diets at 0, 20 and 40 g/kg diet. The experimental diets were fed for 8 wk. Inclusion of lacquer meal had no influence (p>0.05) on growth performance of pigs. Improvement in carcass traits and decreased back fat thickness were noticed in pigs fed diets added with 20 and 40 g/kg lacquer meal. Longissimus muscle obtained from pigs fed lacquer meal had higher moisture and lower fat content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and water holding capacity. Meat from lacquer fed pigs was also darker and redder. The data indicates that lacquer meal can be incorporated up to 40 g/kg in the diet of fattening pigs without affecting growth performance. Also, lacquer meal increases carcass lean content and improves the oxidative stability of the meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.490-496
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• 2005

Ten 18.5-month old Holstein steers were allocated into two diet groups of five and fed either concentrates as control group or potato by-products based silage (PBS) as experimental group for six months to investigate the effect of PBS on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of carcass fats. The PBS diet consisted, in a DM basis, of 74.5% PBS, 16% hay, and 9.5% soybean milk residue (SMR). The control diet consisted, in a DM basis, of 82.5% concentrates and 17.5% hay. There were no significant differences in the overall average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency, yield score and meat quality score of dressed carcass between the two diet groups. There were no statistical differences in DM, crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) of beef and melting point of all adipose tissues from steers fed both diets. The PBS-fed steers tended to have lower Warner Bratzler shear (WBS) values than in the concentrate-fed steers (13.0 vs. 17.7 lb, p<0.1). At both sampling times 3 and 6 months of feeding period, PBS-fed steers had higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially linoleic (C18:2) acids in subcutaneous fat than in control group (p<0.05). PBS-fed steers had significantly higher proportions of PUFA, especially C18:2 fatty acids than in concentrate-fed steers in carcass fats (p<0.05). In conclusion, feeding PBS to fattening steers has shown to have the same potential as concentrate feeding in terms of effect on the growth performance, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics. Interestingly, PBS also seems preferable to concentrates because it increased the proportion of C18:2 fatty acid composition of carcass fats which is valuable for beef consumers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권3_spc호
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• pp.363-370
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• 2021

Objective: The effect of garlic powder (GP) and phenyl acetic (PA) acid throughout the fattening period of broiler chickens on performance, blood parameters, immune, and antioxidant parameters as well as carcass traits was evaluated. Methods: A total of 210 day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly distributed into seven dietary treatments having five replications with six chicks per replicate. The first group (control) fed a basal diet without supplements, whereas the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th group were fed basal diet plus 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g GP/kg diet, respectively and the group 5th, 6th, and 7th were fed on the basal diet plus 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g PA/kg diet. Results: Broiler body weight and gain at 21 and 42 days were increased (p<0.05) with diets supplemented with GP and PA. Red blood cells and hemoglobin were improved in chickens fed diets enriched with GP. Broiler chickens received diets containing either GP or PA recorded the higher values (p<0.05) of total protein, globulin, high-density lipoprotein, immunoglobulin M (IgM), and IgG, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity; while, blood total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, aspartate-aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde were lowered (p<0.05) compared to control-diet. Liver and immune-related organs weight were improved (p<0.05) in broilers fed diet supplemented with GP and PA. Conclusion: Feeding of GP or PA in diet had positive effects on performance traits and immunological, antioxidant and physiological status of broilers. Thus, the use of tested feed additives as an eco-friendly alternative to antibiotics produced a positive effect on animal health.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권6호
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• pp.1077-1091
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• 2022

This study was conducted to determine the rumen fermentation dynamics of lupin flakes and elucidate the effects of lupin flake supplementation on the growth performance, blood metabolites, and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. In vitro and in situ trials of lupin grains and lupin flakes were conducted using three Hanwoo cows with rumen fistulas. The feeding trial included 40 early-fattening Hanwoo steers randomly divided into four groups: control, T1, T2, and T3. Their formula feed contained 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% lupin flakes, respectively. In vitro rumen pH and ammonia concentrations were lower in the lupin flake group than in the lupin grain group after 6 and 24 h of incubation, respectively (p < 0.05). Concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids were higher in the lupin flake group than in the lupin grain group after 12 h of incubation (p < 0.05), as was the crude protein disappearance rate at 9 and 12 h of rumen fermentation (p < 0.05). Supplementation with lupin flakes did not affect the average daily gain. Compared to that in the control group, dry matter intake was lower in the lupin flake-supplemented groups (p < 0.05); the feed conversion ratio was lower in T2 and T3 (p < 0.05); and plasma total protein concentration in 29-month-old steers was lower in T1 and T3 (p < 0.05). Plasma triglyceride concentration was lower in the lupin flake-supplemented groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The incidence rate of yield grade A was higher in T1 and T2 than in the control group; the incidence rate of meat quality 1⁺ grade or higher was highest in T2. The carcass auction price was higher in T2 than in the other groups. Overall, compared to whole lupin grains, lupin flakes seem to more substantially affect rumen ammonia concentrations and crude protein disappearance rate. Additionally, we suggest that supplementation with 6% lupin flake formula feed exerts positive effects on the feed conversion ratio, yield grade, and quality grade of Hanwoo steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.898-907
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• 2005

Chromium has emerged as an essential trace mineral in nutrition. However, it readily causes toxicity because of slightly excessive dose and/or form of chromium supplement. Therefore, developing a noble form of chromium supplement which is capable of not only an increased availability but also a reduced toxicity has been a critical issue in chromium nutrition. Chromium-methionine chelate has been, so far, one of the latest developments in its kind. Although not much information is available for the chromium-methionine chelate, especially in view of animal performances upon dietary supplementation, several studies indicated chromium methionine chelate could be effective to improve meat quality by increasing muscle mass but decreasing body fat. Highly-graded beef was produced by dietary chromium methionine supplementation during fattening stage of Korean native steers. Body muscle was increased in replace of decreasing body fat in both pig and rat that were dietary supplemented with chromium methionine chelate. However, a pig farm study did not show any significant improvement of body gain upon supplementation of chromium methionine. Immune responses of pig and rat were not always dependent upon chromium form but were varied by species. These results suggest there could be a different mode of responses due to species as well as onset time of dietary supplementation of chromium methionine. It is still early to conclude the bio-efficacy of chromium methionine chelate presumably due to its recent appearance into the field. But the chelate is certainly worth more application to animal since it certainly reduced the application level of dietary chromium.