• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.621-629
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• 2016

This study investigated the moderating effects of marital fondness and admiration as well as the father's involvement in child rearing on the association between parenting stress and marital satisfaction for a comparison of unemployed and employed mothers. The subjects were 159 unemployed mothers and 103 employed mothers with children under 3 years of age. The major findings of this study were as follows. First, unemployed mothers who had a lower level of marital fondness and admiration were dissatisfied with their marriage when they had higher parenting stress. Marital fondness and admiration are necessary for unemployed mothers in their transition period to parents. Especially, it is important for fathers to understand challenging conditions and encourage and support the spouse. However, there was no moderating effect of the father's involvement in child rearing in the association between parenting stress and marital satisfaction. Second, employed mothers who had a lower level of father's involvement in child rearing were dissatisfied with their marriage when they had higher parenting stress. The father's involvement in child rearing is necessary for employed mothers in their transition period to parents. Furthermore, it is important to implement policies at the national level to support childcare hours for balanced work and life. However, there was no moderating effect of marital fondness and admiration for the association between parenting stress and marital satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.12 s.142
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• pp.79-89
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop the generative fathering scale to measure fathers' active involvement of parenting. Subjects were 188 fathers of early childhood from Jeonju. To begin with, the concept of generative fathering was discussed in the theoretical review, and then the measurement was comprised of two dimensions(the parental involvement of fathers and paternal responsibility) The parental involvement of fathers : thirty of 37 items were selected through the item analysis, and that 30 items were analyzed by factor analysis. The result of factor analysis indicated that the parental involvement of fathers comprised of three factors(developmental support, caregiving and monitoring, shared activities). paternal responsibility : this was analyzed through the same process above, two factors(responsibility as a resource provider and responsibility as a child-rearing)were extracted by factor analysis. The construct validity was supported and the internal consistency of this two sub-scale appeared to be at an acceptable level, and were considered to be useful way to measure generative fathering.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.279-291
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• 2016

The objective of this study is to determine the structural relationships among the infant's temperament, father's involvement in child-rearing, and the infant's social and emotional behavior. To this end, research was conducted with 330 parents of infants aged 1 and 2 in 55 day care centers located in J city and I city, Jeollabukdo. Frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural model equation analysis were conducted using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. First, the results of the structural model equation analysis showed that the infant's temperament had a negative correlation with leisure and guidance, while it had a positive correlation with activity and impulsivity, which are external manifestations of their social and emotional behavior. Father's involvement in child-rearing had a negative correlation with the adaptability and mood aspects of the child's temperament, and also with general anxiety, an internal aspect of his or her social and emotional behavior. Social and emotional behavior had a positive correlation with the approach avoidance aspect of the infant's temperament. Second, according to the results of the analysis of the route between the variables, infant temperament was found to be a significant route, having a statistically negative correlation with father's involvement in child-rearing. The results of this study showed that infant's temperament and father's involvement in child-rearing had effects on the infant's social and emotional behavior, and suggested the importance of having a proper understanding of the educational implications of the father's involvement in child-rearing, in terms of its effects on the infant's social and emotional behavior.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.191-213
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship pattern among paternal parenting behaviors, father involvement, parenting stress, and parenting self- efficacy. The subjects were 299 fathers of 3 to 4 year-old children at 2 child care centers and 11 kindergartens in Seoul and the Gyunggi-do area. Fathers responded to a modified version of Parenting Daily Hassles(Crinc & Greeberg, 1990), a re vised version of Parenting Sense of Competence(Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978), and questionnaires including questions about parenting behaviors(Park, 2000) and father involvement developed by authors. Stepwise regression analyses showed that fathers' cognitive efficacy of parenting and the frequency of play involvement on weekdays significantly explained paternal 'warmth encouragement'. Also, cognitive efficacy and the frequency and time amount of play involvement on weekdays significantly explained paternal 'setting up the limitations'. Meanwhile, fathers' emotional efficacy and the amount of play time involvement on weekdays significantly explained paternal 'over-protection permission'. Finally, the cognitive and emotional efficacy of rearing and parenting stress significantly explained paternal 'rejection non-intervention'.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.71-85
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• 2015

The present study aimed to identify the variables related to paternal participation in child-rearing. For this purpose, 543 fathers of young children living in the seven biggest cities in Korea were invited to participate in the internet survey and completed questionnaires assessing marital and job satisfaction. Their temperament was measured with the EAS Temperament Survey(Buss & Plomin, 1984). The result of this research showed that both the marital and job satisfaction of the fathers affected their parenting participation. And also, marital satisfaction was more strongly associated with the fathers' parenting participation than job satisfaction. All temperament types of the fathers had moderating effects and there were significant differences according to their temperament. This study provides the key factors which have an influence on paternal involvement in parenting and also suggests that the temperament of the father should be considered for participation in parenting.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.83-104
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to provide diverse points of view to understand the low fertility issue of Korean society. For this phenomenological qualitative study, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 married couples(28 persons) all raising three children. Participants were asked about overall family and work life, child care role performance, thoughts about child rearing, and their sociocultural context. Interview data were explored based on 6 analyzing steps offered by S, J, Talyor and R. Bogdan(1984). Most participants of this study were formed positive perceptions about having three children. Parents' positive perception was closely related with their attitude of not worrying too much about their children's future as well as child caring contexts around them. Parents' perception about having three children was also linked with their child care role construction process. In detail, parents with more positive perceptions tended to increase their level of child care involvement. This was particularly true for fathers. Mother and father's job situation emerged as an important factor to shape their child care involvement. In addition, child care attitude of people around them explained father's child care involvement. Applying these qualitative results, we first expect to provide detailed ideas about lives with three children in Korea. Second, based on our study findings, a more realistic and helpful policy to help the low fertility problem could be developed. Lastly, we also hope to provide helpful phenomenological qualitative research about low fertility issues of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.405-420
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to find pathways among factors that distinguish the mothers' intention to have a second child. As for factors affecting the childbirth intention of mothers, this study aimed to explore pathways from fathers' participation in childrearing to intention of second childbirth as mediating variables, maternal parenting stress and marital satisfaction. This study used the third wave data of the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) that is a national-representative birth-cohort study. Among the 1,802 participants of the PSKC, 717 mothers who have a husband/partner and only one child have responded a decided intention of second childbirth. SPSS 19.0 and Amos 19.0 were used to implement exploratory analyses of predictors and test path models. Results showed that the hypothetical model assuming a path from paternal involvement in childrearing to mothers' intention of second childbirth, mediated by maternal parenting stress and marital satisfaction fitted the data of working mothers and non-working mothers well. The results suggest policies focusing on internal characteristics of mothers and dynamics in the family.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.463-495
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to obtain a fundamental data for developing a policy concerning women and child rearing and a parent education program for young parents who are around their childbirth, a period crucially important both for the parents in terms of the role adjustment, career management, and family finance, and for the infants in terms of its physical and psychological well-being. The subjects were 509 mothers before and after childbirth currently living in the Metropolitan City of Daejeon. Data were obtained through questionnaires and interviews in two major areas of pregnancy-delivery-childcare and parent education. Data were analyzed using SAS, mostly through frequency analysis, percentiles, t-tests, and F-tests. Results of descriptive analyses were organized along the following areas and issues: Pregnancy(family planning, regular check-ups, difficulties, prenatal education, costs, etc.); delivery(type of delivery, delivery related experience, costs, clinic/medical institute of choice, worries/problems, help/supports, etc.); postpartum care(place, kinds of help and helper, costs, postpartum care facilities, etc.); childcare circumstances(place, carer, time schedules, childcare centers or facilities feeding and weaning, etc.); husband's attitudes and involvement in the overall process; working mothers(maternity leave, temporary retirement for child rearing, etc.); and, parent education(family planning, pregnancy, delivery, postpartum care, child rearing, areas or issues needing parent education, facilitative and hindering factors to ideal parenting, etc.). Differences between groups of pregnant mothers and postpartum mothers, working- and non-working mothers, groups of different income levels, mothers and fathers of different educational levels, mothers of first pregnancy(or childbirth) and experienced mothers were also analyzed. Several conclusions with suggestions were drawn in relation to the need for strong implementation as well as developing of policies on women and childcare and for developing a new parent education program for parents before and after childbirth.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.105-114
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of adolescents´ perception of the fathers´ child-rearing on their self-efficacy and achievement motivation. The subjects of this study were 456 adolescents from 3 middle schools located in Seoul and GyeonggiDo. The main results are as follows. (1) There was a significant correlation between the father´s child-rearing involvement and the adolescent´s self-efficacy. The father´s ‘day-to-day guidance’ was the best predictor of the adolescent´s self-efficacy. (2) There was a significant correlation between the father´s child-rearing involvement and the adolescent´s achievement motivation. The father´s ‘day-to-day guidance’ was the best predictor in predicting the adolescent´s achievement motivation. In conclusion, the adolescent´s perceived father´s child-rearing involvement were found to be significant variables in predicting the adolescent´s self-efficacy and achievement motivation.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.449-460
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• 2014

This study examines research trends in Korean journal articles covering the role of fathers with young children. For this study, 45 research papers published from 2000 to present were analyzed according to research periods, research topics, research types, data collection methods, and data analysis methods. First, the largest number of papers was written since 2010. Second, the largest number of papers in terms of research topics focused on the father's child-rearing involvement and behavior. Third the most frequently used research type was the quantitative study. Fourth, the most frequently used data collection method was the questionnaire method. Fifth, the most frequently used data analysis method was the frequency and mean method. Future research should consider broader age groups of father and children by using various types of data collection and analysis methods. In addition, it should be useful to scrutinize general research trends in Korean journal articles highlighting the importance of roles of fathers with young children in a rapidly changing society.