• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia should be controlled to avoid complications of diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the effects of autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) berry (AOB) on fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: In vitro ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory effect of AOB was determined. Maltose solution (2 g/kg) with and without AOB extract at 500 mg/kg or acarbose at 50 mg/kg was orally administered to normal mice after overnight fasting and glucose levels were measured. To study the effects of chronic consumption of AOB, db/db mice received the basal diet or a diet containing AOB extract at 0.4% or 0.8%, or acarbose at 0.04% for 7 weeks. Blood glycated hemoglobin and serum glucose and insulin levels were measured. Expression of adiponectin protein in epididymal white adipose tissue was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: In vitro inhibitory effect of AOB extract on ${\alpha}$-glucosidase was 92% as strong as that of acarbose. The AOB extract (500 mg/kg) or acarbose (50 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the postprandial rise of blood glucose after maltose challenge and the area under the glycemic response curve in normal mice. The AOB extract at 0.4% or 0.8% of diet or acarbose at 0.04% of diet significantly lowered levels of serum glucose and blood glycated hemoglobin and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance values in db/db mice. The expression of adiponectin protein in adipose tissue was significantly elevated by the consumption of AOB at 0.8% of diet. CONCLUSIONS: Autumn olive (E. umbellata Thunb.) berry may reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting ${\alpha}$-glucosidase in normal mice. Chronic consumption of AOB may alleviate fasting hyperglycemia in db/db mice partly by inhibiting ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and upregulating adiponectin expression.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2000

Even though coix (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen) has many physiological effects, since it has been known to cause sterility, farmers avoid using coix bran as a forage for their livestock. Therefore, as the consumption of coix increases, coix bran, which is a by product of pounding process, becomes a serious issue of environmental problem. Present study examined the physiological effects of coix bran in normal and diabetic rats for its possible use as a functional material. The effects of coix bran supplementation on plasma and hepatic lipid profile were evaluated in rats fed one of the following diet for 12 weeks : chow diet ; chow-bran diet (chow diet＋25% coix bran), high fat diet and high fat-bran diet (high fat diet＋25% coix bran). Additionally, glucose challenge and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin-diabetic rats were also examined. In normal rats, consumption of coix bran remarkably reduced body weight gain in chow or high fat diet fed rats. Additionally, consumption of coix branreduced blood TG, TC and atherogenic index (26%, 24% and 72%, respectively) in chow diet fed rats. Liver TG and cholesterol concentrations were reduced (43% and 49%, respectively) in high fat fed rats by coix bran supplementation. In diabetic rats, fasting blood glucose level was reduced about 25% by coix bran consumption. Also, glucose challenge pattern was improved and resembled normal pattern : it reaches to peak 15~30 minutes after glucose administration and get back to fasting blood glucose level after 90 minutes. Plasma concentrations of TG were elevated in diabetic rats and were reduced to normal level by coix bran supplementation. Liver TG and cholesterol concentrations were also elevated in diabetic rats and reduced to normal level by consumption of coix bran. These results suggest that coix bran may have beneficial effects on blood lipid and glucose level in normal and diabetic rats.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1993

단식 또는 기초사료를 투여한 성장기 rat 에 우지 또는 들깨유를 매일 일정량 투여하여 2일 간격으로 체중변화와 장기중량, 혈액의 생화학적검사 간조직검사를하여 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 완전 단식rat군(F)과 단식중 우지 (FT)와 들깨유(FP)를 투여한 rat군은 1일 평균 -6.2~-4.0%인 체중감소를 보이고 기초식이군 (B) 또는 기초식이에 우지 (BT)나 들깨유(BP)를 투여한 rat군은 1일 2.3~4.0%의 체중증가를 보였다. F군은 4일만에 모두 아사하였고, FT와 FP군은 6~10일 사이에 모두 아사하였다. 단식에 의한 영향으로 아사직전 이들 rat는 간중량(3.6~4.0g) serum cholesterol(70~73.2mg/㎗), serum triglyceride (6.5~7..5mg/㎗) blood glucose (76-91mg/㎗)의 현저한 감소와 GPT (117.5-186.5u), blood urea nitrogen (38~65mg/㎗)을 대폭 증가하는 특징을 가졌다. 유지시료 불포화도에 따른 영향에서 FP군은 FT군에 비해 약 2일 정도 생존일수의 감축과 serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen 감소를 보이나 GPT, blood glucose를 약간 증가하였다. BP군은 BT군에 비해 serum cholesterol, triglyceride를 상당히 감소하고 blood urea nitrogen의 근소한 감소와 GPT는 대폭 증가하였다. Blood glucose는 거의 차이가 없었다. 간조직 검사 결과 F군은 아사직전 간실질내 염증 세포 침윤을 보이고 FT, FP군은 유지 시료의 불포화도 차이에 관계없이 아사직전 일부 rat가 염증세포 침윤, 간실질의 염증, 간세포의 손상된 모양이 관찰되었다. 따라서 어떤 목적으로 단식 또는 유지만을 공급하는 무단백질 제한식이를 할 때 극심한 체중감소를 보이고 혈중 cholesterol과 trig1yceride는 크게 낮아지며 간을 포함한 모든 조직의 붕괴의 조짐으로 blood urea nitrogen이 크게 증가되고 그에 따른 간기능저하로 GPT도 크게 상승하고 rat의 경우 4~6일만에 사망하였다. 단식중이거나 혹은 정상식이내 고도 불포화 유지 (들깨유)의 섭취는 포화지방 (우지)에비해 혈중 cholesterol 과 triglyceride를 감소시키는 효과는 있지만 GPT가 유의적으로 증가됨을 볼때 장기간 고도 불포화 유지를 다량 섭취함은 간기능을 저하 시킬 수 있음이 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.664-671
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• 2002

완전 단식군의 흰쥐(FO)와 단식중에 소기름(FT), 옥수수기름(FC), 들깨기름(FP)만을 각각 투여하고 비교하니 FO군은 대부분 6일까지 생존하고 FT, FC, FP군은 대부분 16일까지 생존하였다. 폐사 직전의 모든 흰쥐 체중은 -24.5~-25%로 감소되었다. 단식중 유지 섭취는 다소 생명을 연장하나 식이 유지 종류에 따른 생존기간과 체중 변화에 미치는 영향에는 괄목할 차이가 없었다. 간장과 신장 무게 변화도 체중변화와 유사한 양상을 보였다. FO군의 혈중 총 cholesterol 농도, 중성지방 농도, 혈당은 대폭 감소되고 GPT 활성값과 BUN 농도는 상당 수준으로 증가되었다. FC군과 FP군에서 유지의 n-6/n-3비율 혹은 불포화도 특성 차이가 총 cholesterol농도, 중성지방농도, 혈당농도, BUN농도, 단식 초기의 GPT활성도에 영향을 주지 못했다. 그러나 기아사 직전의 FP군에서 GPT활성도가 FT, FC군보다 높았다. 본 연구에서 결론은 기아 상태의 흰쥐에 유지 단독섭취는 유지 종류에 관계없이 생존일수를 다소 비슷하게 연장하였고 n-6/n-3비율, 불포화도 특성차이가 전반적으로 단식중의 대사에 미치는 영향에서 별다른 차이가 없었음을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.41-53
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• 1983

It is already well known that many factors are involved in maintaining normal blood glucose level. The amount and components of meal are also thought to be some of the factors which affect the blood glucose and insulin levels. It is reported that as for Koreans sugar takes up over 75% out of 2,098 kcal, the average daily calorie intake per adult. It implies that Koreans take a high-sugar diet compared with Westerners who take $40\sim50%$ of sugar out of their total average daily calorie. For the purpose of studying diurnal variations in serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide of normal Korean adults based on ordinary Korean diet, we selceted 13 normal Korean male adults and divided them into two groups, Group I (7 persons) and Group II (6 persons). We put Group I on 3,100kcal and 75% sugar diet, and Group II on 2,100 kcal and 69% sugar diet per day for over 4 days. Serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide were checked every 30 minutes or every hour throughout 24 hours. Results are as follows: 1. As for serum glucose level, in the prep ran dial fasting state in the morning, $mean{\pm}S.D.$ of Group I was $91.1{\pm}8.2mg%$, while that of Group II is $82.5{\pm}4.4mg%$. Both groups showed peaks of increased glucose level at postprandial 1 hour after each meal. The peak returned to the level shown during the fasting state at postprandial 1 hour after breakfast while the relatively high glucose levels were maintained respectively even for 2 or 3 hours.after lunch and dinner. 2. As for serum insulin level, Group showed $mean{\pm}S.D.$ of $14.7{\pm}3.0{\mu}U/ml$ while Group II shows that of $7.0{\pm}2.6{\mu}U/ml$ in the fasting state. Group I particularly showed the largest peak from preprandial a half or one and half an hour to postprandial one hour of lunch, and made relatively small peaks $(47.7{\pm}10.8{\mu}U/ml)$ at postorandial 1 hour after breakfast and dinner. No such large peak was marked in Group II, though it showed relatively similar patterns of peak after each meal. 3. As for C-peptide, in the fasting state, Group I and Group II showed $3.50{\pm}1.85$ and $1.66{\pm}0.53ng/ml$ of $mean{\pm}S.D.$, respectively. Group II showed peaks parallel to those for insulin level. None out of seven in Group I showed expected increase in C-peptide based insulin secretion at a half or one and half an hour before lunch. On the contrary, C-peptide increased in 5 subjects out of seven in Group I at 11:00 p.m. when insulin did not increase. 4. According to the integrated concentration method for a measurement of 24-hour total. insulin secretion rate, the $mean{\pm}S.D.$ of Group I was $76.4{\pm}15.2$ U and that of Group II was $58.6{\pm}21.1$ U. The above results confirm that Koreans, when given ordinary diet of 2,100 kcal and 69%, sugar, show insulin secretion pattern essentially similar to that of Westerners. On the contrary, when they are put on a high-calorie diet of 3,100 kcal a day, 75% of which is sugar, insulin secretion can be increased before lunch without increase in blood glucose. These results implies that insulin secretion can be affected by some other factors. The observation that an increase in C-peptide after 11 : 00 p.m. independent of insulin level supports an assertion that insulin secretion and C-peptide secretion can be thought as being physiologically dissociable, and these changes of diurnal patterns in the levels of serum insulin and C-peptide are thought to be resulted from the large meal and high-carbohydrate diet.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2017

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of the mixed herbal extract from Cinnamomum cassia Blume, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi, Pueraria lobata Benth, and Aconitum carmichaeli Debx (CAPA) on obesity and glucose tolerance in obese mice. Methods: Animals were divided in 6 groups, normal diet, high fat diet (HFD), HFD with CAPA 100 mg/kg (CAPA 100), CAPA 300 mg/kg (CAPA 300), and metformin 200 mg/kg or lorcaserin 10 mg/kg as positive controls, and treated for 16 weeks. Body weight, food intake, fasting blood glucose, and body temperature were checked every week and then organs, blood serums were collected after treatment. The oral glucose tolerance test was also carried out after treatment. Results: Compared to HFD, CAPA extract treated mice showed significant decreases in body weight, adipose tissue weight, lipid accumulations in liver and serum lipid levels without a reduction of food intake. And fasting glucose and glucose tolerance were all improved in the CAPA treated mice. Conclusions: Our results suggest that CAPA extract can prevent diet induced obesity and glucose intolerance without a reduction of energy intake in obese mice.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.766-775
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• 2011

We investigated the effect of high molecular weight polygamma- glutamic acid (hm ${\gamma}$-PGA) on adiposity and lipid metabolism of rats in the presence of an obesity-inducing diet. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a normal-fat (11.4% kcal fat, NFC) or high-fat (51% kcal fat, HFC) diet. After 5 weeks, half of each diet-fed group was treated with hm ${\gamma}$-PGA (NFP or HFP) for 4 weeks. The HFC group had significantly higher body weight, visceral fat mass, fasting serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and leptin, and lower serum HDL cholesterol level compared with those of the NFC group (p < 0.05). Treatment with hm ${\gamma}$-PGA decreased body weight gain and perirenal fat mass (p<0.05), fasting serum total cholesterol, and mRNA expression of glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), regardless of dietary fat contents (p < 0.01). However, hm ${\gamma}$-PGA increased serum HDL cholesterol in the HFC group (p < 0.05). In vitro, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMGCoA) reductase activity was suppressed by the addition of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA. In agreement with observations in animal study, the supplementation of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA (150 mg/day) to 20 female subjects in an 8-week double-blind, placebocontrolled study resulted in a tendency to decrease total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations. We thus conclude that dietary supplementation of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA may act as a hypocholestrolemic agent, secondary to its inhibitor effect on HMG-CoA reductase, and decrease abdominal adiposity by decreasing hepatic lipogenesis. The present study is an important first step in establishing the effect of hm ${\gamma}$-PGA on cholesterol levels in rats and humans.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.106-113
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• 2010

In this study, we compared corn gluten hydrolyzates, BCAAs, and leucine for their effects on body weight reduction in high fat-induced obese rats in order to determine the major active components in the corn gluten hydrolyzates. After obesity was induced for 13 weeks with high fat diet, the overweight-induced SD rats (n = 64) were stratified according to body weight, randomly blocked into eight treatments, and raised for 8 weeks. Four groups were changed to a normal diet and the other groups remained on the high fat diet. Each of the groups within both diets was fed either casein, corn gluten hydrolyzates, leucine, or branched chain amino acids, respectively. Daily food intake, body weight gain, and food efficiency ratio were significantly lower in the corn gluten hydrolyzate groups compared to the other groups, regardless of the high fat diet or normal fat diet. The rats fed the corn gluten hydrolyzates diet had the lowest perirenal fat pad weights whereas muscle weight was significantly increased in the corn gluten hydrolyzates groups. Plasma triglyceride, hepatic total lipid, and total cholesterol contents were significantly reduced in the corn gluten hydrolyzates groups. Other lipid profile measurements were not significantly changed. Plasma triglyceride and hepatic total lipid were also significantly reduced in the BCAA and leucine groups. Leptin levels were significantly lower and adiponectin was significantly higher in the corn gluten hydrolyzates groups. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR levels were also significantly reduced in the corn gluten hydrozylates groups, regardless of fat level.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.101-113
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• 2014

Objective : Ephedra Herba has been widely used for patients with common cold, asthma in eastern countries, especially china japan and korea. Recently it has been also used for obesity in clinic with high frequency. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Ephedra Herba ethyl-acetate fraction (EEAF) on hyperlipidemic mice. Method : Effects on total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, fasting blood glucose in serum were measured in this experiment, and in addition, histopathological and gene expression changes in liver tissue was also observed. Results : In our study, EEAF did not affect weight gain in hyperlipidemic mice. Oral administration of EEAF lowered levels of total cholesterol which were elevated by induction of hyperlipidemia. And administration of EEAF lowered fasting blood glucose significantly. By carrying out ontological analysis, large numbers of genes were identified in up or down regulated genes. The expression of the genes that were altered in response to high-fat diet was restored to normal levels in EEAF treated mice, with a recovery rate of 49%. And it was considered that fatty acid metabolism was one of important key pathway of the recovery. Conclusion : Results in our study suggest that EEAF can prevent obese and through regulation of dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.587-599
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine self-perception of body image and dieting behaviors by gender among high school students. The data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire during April, 2010, and analyzed by SPSS Windows V.18.0. The results were as follows. First, many respondents showed a desire to be underweight and regarded themselves as overweight, even though they had a normal BMI. Second, female respondents showed a higher level of concern about diet than male respondents. Third, male respondents received information about diet mostly from their family or friends, whereas female respondents received information from blogs, mini-homepages, or Kin-search on the Internet. Finally, female respondents showed a higher level of practice for fasting therapy than male respondents, whereas male respondents showed a higher level of practice for food therapy, drug therapy, oriental medicine therapy, and steam bath therapy. Therefore, high school should educate students to get right recognition and knowledge of diet.