• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.85-110
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• 2023

The gaze cueing effect appears as detecting a target rapidly and accurately when the direction of others' gaze corresponds with the location of the visual target. The gaze cue can be affected by the orientation of the face. The gaze cueing effect is strong when the face is presented upright, but the effect has only been observed in some studies when the face is presented inverted(e.g., Tipples, 2005). This study aimed to examine whether the gaze can operate as a cue to guide attention with upright faces, and to add variables that can affect the gaze cue, such as the orientation of the face, the orientation of the background, and a time interval between the gaze cue and the target(SOA). Furthermore, it systematically manipulated these variables to explore whether the gaze cueing effect can be observed under the various conditions. The results showed a significant gaze cueing effect even on the inverted face, contrasting with previous studies. These findings were consistently observed when the background stimulus was absent(Experiment 1) and present(Experiments 2 and 3). However, there was no significant interaction in the orientations between the face and the background. Moreover, in the short SOA(150 ms), we found a significant gaze cueing effect in conditions of every face and background orientation, whereas there was no significant gaze cueing effect in the long SOA(1000 ms). By presenting a consistent observation of the gaze cueing effect under the short SOA(150ms) even in the inverted faces, the results of this study pose questions about the reliability and repeatability of previous studies that did not report significant results of gaze cueing effects in that faces. Furthermore, our results are meaningful in providing additional evidence that attention can be guided toward the direction of the gaze even in various directions of the face and background.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1759-1772
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• 1994

In this study, we re-examined the Tate's modified Bernoulli equation to study penetration phenomena for long rod projectile into single or multi-layered finite thickness plates. We used the force equlibrium equation at mushroomed nose/target interface instead of conventional pressure equation at the stagnation point. In our penetration model, we considered the velocity dependent $R_t$ value for semi-infinite target and considered only the back face effect for finite target. To compensate for $R_t$ value according to target's thickness and back face effect, we used the spherical cavity expansion theory for semi-infinite plate and used the cylindrical cavity expansion theory for finite plate. Also we developed the experimental technique using make screen to measure the penetration duration time at each layered plate. In 3-layered laminated RHA/mild steel/ A1 7039 plate, we observed that spall had occured around the back face of A1 7039 plate by the stress wave interaction. Through the comparison between theoretical and experimental data including Lambert's results, we conform that our study has good confidences.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.151-168
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• 1999

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of different meeting modes and task types on the outcomes of group decision making. The hypotheses postulate the potential effects of different meeting modes on appropriation process; different meeting modes on group outcomes; and the appropriation process on group outcomes. A laboratory experiment was conducted. A GSS was developed using Lotus Notes for this experiment. The results provide partial support for the hypotheses derived from the theoretical model. The interaction effects between meeting modes and tasks are not always observed in the analyses. However, groups using a face-to-face meeting mode in negotiation task reach significantly higher levels of perceived outcome quality, of satisfaction with the outcome, and of satisfaction with the process than groups using a dispersed-synchronous meeting mode. It suggests that a face-to-face meeting mode can enhance the effectiveness of groups working on a negotiation task such as stakeholder analysis. Furthermore, the manner in which groups appropriate the technology significantly influence the group performance. The results support the validity and usefulness of the IRT and the AST as a GSS research framework.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.721-723
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• 2015

Astronomical outreach activities for the general public who are unfamiliar to astronomy is a challenging task. It requires creative thinking to solve the problem. The amateur astronomical clubs in a number of cities in Indonesia routinely schedule observations at public parks. The interaction between these clubs and formal education institutions is established by face to face interaction and assisted by social media. The physics teachers who took astronomy courses in university are potential resources to enlarge the outreach scope by creating astronomical clubs as an extracurricular activity. Recent progressive trends in astronomy dissemination for the disabled are also a great opportunity to assist the disabled in experiencing hands-on activities based on formal and informal education.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2010

This paper presents a probabilistic head tracking method, mainly applicable to face recognition and human robot interaction, which can robustly track human head against various variations such as pose/scale change, illumination change, and background clutters. Compared to conventional particle filter based approaches, the proposed method can effectively track a human head by regularizing the sample space and sequentially weighting multiple visual cues, in the prediction and observation stages, respectively. Experimental results show the robustness of the proposed method, and it is worthy to be mentioned that some proposed probabilistic framework could be easily applied to other object tracking problems.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2005

This study is a preliminary investigation of the nature of discourse marker acquisition in Korean American speakers of English. Discourse markers are of interest because they are not an aspect of language taught through formal instruction either to native or non-native speakers. Therefore, discourse marker use serves as indirect evidence of face-to-face interaction with native speakers and an indicator of integration. In this light, the present study examines the presence of discourse markers in Korean Americans. The markers chosen for analysis were you know, like, and I mean. The data consist of spontaneous speech elicited from interviews. Sociolinguistic variables such as age, sex, and generation (i.e., $1^{st}$, 1.5, $2^{nd}$) were examined. Results show that there appears to be interaction between the variables and discourse marker use. While all speakers showed variable acquisition of markers, younger, female, and 1.5 generation speakers were found to use discourse markers more than other speakers. Although discourse marker use is optional and thus not a linguistic feature that must be necessarily acquired, it is clear that use is pervasive and acquired differentially by English speakers irrespective of whether they are native or not.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.221-230
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• 2017

BL(Blended Learning) has been presented as a promising alternative learning approach. BL is defined as a learning approach that combines e-learning and face-to-face classroom learning. The adoption of BL in computer practice class is necessary due to the characteristics of computer practice class itself. This study proposes a research model that examines the determinants of learner's satisfaction of computer practice classes in BL environment. Considering the characteristics of computer practices classes contents and instructor interaction were identified as the determinants. The research model is tested using a questionnaire survey of 141 participants. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to test the reliability and validity of the measurements. The partial least squares (PLS) method was used to validate the measurement and hypotheses. The empirical findings shows that contents easiness and contents constructs are the primary determinants of instructor interaction in BL. Instructor interaction was also found to be related to the learner's satisfaction resulting in re-using. The findings provide insight into the planning and utilizing BL in computer practice classes to enhance learner's satisfaction.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a maternal self-efficacy promotion program for Korean primiparas on maternal confidence and mother-infant interaction. Method: This study was non-equivalent quasi-experimental research with a control group selected by purposive sampling. Based on Bandura’s (1986) self-efficacy theory, the research team developed the maternal self-efficacy promotion program. The program included achievement experiences, verbal persuasion, and vicarious experiences. The program was provided through face-to-face teaching at the time of discharge, counseling sessions over the telephone, and a home visit. Subjects also learned about parenting skills using a videotape developed by the research team. Sixteen primiparas were recruited to the experimental group at one hospital in Kyongi province, and fifteen primiparas who were matched according to socioeconomic status were recruited to the control group at a postpartum care center in the same province. Results: Subjects in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher maternal confidence and mother-infant interaction than those in the control group. Conclusion: The maternal self-efficacy promotion program appears to be an effective nursing intervention for parenting of first-time mothers in Korea.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.219-238
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• 2022

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural relationships between interest, interaction level, presence, which are the characteristics of metaverse, learning immersion, and learning satisfaction, which are learning factors. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey technique was used to achieve the purpose of the study. A questionnaire survey was conducted from November 22 to December 5, 2021, with students with experience in non-face-to-face classes using Gather Town and a total of 114 copies of the questionnaire excluding those with insincere answers were used for empirical analysis. SPSS Win ver.23.0 was used for basic statistical analysis, and AMOS 22.0 was used for the establishment and analysis of a structural equation model. Findings According to the study findings, interest and interaction levels had effects on learning immersion and learning presence, self-efficacy on learning presence, and learning immersion and learning presence on learning satisfaction. This study is meaningful in that it conducted an empirical study to find variables for improving learning immersion by conducting classes based on metaverse. Based on the findings of this study, it was found that interest and interaction, which are the biggest characteristics of metaverse, sustain learning participation and immersion and increase presence thereby enhancing learning satisfaction so that the possibilities of metaverse as a next generation education platform passing the limit of existing real time video platforms can be peeped.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.165-175
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• 2008

For an advanced intelligent service, the need of HRI technology has recently been increasing and the technology has been also improved. However, HRI components have been evaluated under stable and controlled laboratory environments and there are no evaluation results of performance in real environments. Therefore, robot service providers and users have not been getting sufficient information on the level of current HRI technology. In this paper, we provide the evaluation results of the performance of the HRI components on the robot platforms providing actual services in pilot service sites. For the evaluation, we select face detection component, speaker gender classification component and sound localization component as representative HRI components closing to the commercialization. The goal of this paper is to provide valuable information and reference performance on appling the HRI components to real robot environments.