• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.230-239
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• 2010

Mechanical face seal installed in boiler feedwater pump prevents leakage of working fluid using thin fluid film between stator and rotor. If the leakage of working fluid exceeds the allowable volume, serious malfunction of boiler feedwater pump will be happen. The thinner fluid film exists between stator and rotor, the less working fluid leaks out. However, if the thickness of fluid film is not enough, the wear of seal face will be increased. And it causes the decrease in life of mechanical face seal. Therefore appropriate design is necessary to maximize the performance and life of mechanical face seal. In this study, numerical analysis using finite volume method was conducted to investigate the static characteristics of wavy mechanical face seals which have 4 different wavy surface profiles on rotor. As a result, opening force, leakage volume of working fluid and friction torque were obtained. For the same minimum film thickness, the static characteristics of mechanical face seal were affected by the wavy surface profile which can change the thickness of working fluid film and pressure distribution.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.333-338
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• 2008

PRIMOS $body^{(R)}$ 기기를 이용한 얼굴부피 평가법 개발에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 평가법의 신뢰성을 확인하고자 세 명의 시험자가 마네킹과 사람을 대상으로 얼굴 부피를 측정하였다. 마네킹의 얼굴에 여러 가지 부피의 찰흙을 붙이고, 기기로 얼굴을 측정하였는데, 실제 찰흙의 부피와 측정값 사이에 높은 상관성($R^2=0.99$)이 있는 것으로 나타났다.% RSD와 Gage R&R 분석으로 기기의 정확성, 반복성, 재현성을 확인한 결과 신뢰성이 있는 결과를 얻었다. 이와 같은 평가법을 얼굴 붓기 감소에 영향을 주는 화장품의 효능을 평가하는데 적용하였다. 10명의 건강한 여성을 대상으로 화장품 사용 전후 얼굴의 부피를 측정한 결과, 얼굴의 부피가 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 통해 PRIMOS $body^{(R)}$를 이용한 얼굴 부피 평가법은 인체평가에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.240-248
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• 2011

Mechanical face seal installed in primary heat transport pump used for heavy water reactor prevents leakage of working fluid using thin working fluid film between primary seal ring and mating ring. If the leakage of working fluid exceeds the allowable volume, serious accident can be happened by the trouble of primary heat transport pump. The thinner fluid film exists between primary seal ring and mating ring, the less working fluid leaks out. On the other hand, if the thickness of fluid film is not enough, the life of mechanical face seal will be reduced by friction and wear. Therefore appropriate design is necessary to maximize the performance and life of mechanical face seal. In this study, numerical analysis using finite volume method was conducted to investigate the performance of mechanical face seals which have same deep straight groove and 11 different net coning values. As results, equilibrium clearance between primary seal ring and mating ring, leakage volume of working fluid, friction torque on sealing surface and stiffness of working fluid film were obtained. With increasing net coning value, equilibrium clearance and leakage volume increase, and friction torque and stiffness of fluid film decrease.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.251-261
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• 2017

In this paper, thermal effect on the vibration and stability of initially stressed sandwich plates with functionally graded material (FGM) face sheets is analyzed. Material properties of FGM face sheet are graded continuously in the thickness direction. The variation of FGM properties assumes a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The governing equations of arbitrarily initially-stressed sandwich plates including the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia are derived. The initial stress is taken to be a combination of a uniaxial extensional stress and a pure bending stress in the examples. The eigenvalue problems are formed to study the vibration and buckling characteristics of simple supported initially stressed FGM/metal/FGM plates. The effects of volume fraction index, temperature rise, initial stress and layer thickness of metal on the natural frequencies and buckling loads are investigated. The results reveal that the volume fraction index, initial stresses and layer thickness of metal have significant influence on the vibration and stability of sandwich plates with FGM face sheets.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.70-80
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• 2012

Non-contact type mechanical face seals installed in mechanical systems prevent leakage of working fluid using thin working fluid film between stator and rotor. For that purpose, various kinds of surface profiles, grooves and conings have been applied on seal surfaces of stator and rotor to generate hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure. The thickness distribution of working fluid film is one of important factors which affect the working performances of mechanical face seal, and it is strongly affected by the surface height profiles of stator and rotor. Therefore, appropriate design of surface height profiles of stator and rotor is necessary to optimize the working performances and life of mechanical face seal. In this study, numerical analysis using finite volume method was conducted to estimate the working performances of wavy mechanical face seals which have 36 coning combinations. As results, minimum thickness of working fluid film, leakage volume of working fluid and friction torque in static equilibrium condition of mechanical face seal, and stiffness of working fluid film were obtained. The results show that the working performances of mechanical face seal were affected by the coning combinations which can change the thickness distribution of working fluid film and pressure distribution in sealing region of mechanical face seal.

• 전자공학회논문지CI
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 면 축약 방식을 이용하면서 3D 모델의 체적이 보존되는 메쉬 간략화 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 면 축약은 축약 대상 삼각형의 세 정점을 새로운 정점 하나로 모아 한 번에 4개의 면을 제거함으로써 에지 축약에 비해 빠른 간략화를 수행하는 방식이다. 어떤 방식이든 어느 면 또는 에지부터 축약할 것인가 하는 간략화 우선순위 척도가 매우 중요한데, 본 논문에서는 면 축약에 있어서 최근 제시되었던 한 방법의 문제점을 지적하고 이를 보완한 새로운 가중치 함수를 사용하여 축약 우선순위를 결정하였다. 또한 축약 대상 삼각형들을 대신할 새로운 한 정점을 결정하는데 있어서 체적이 보존되면서 삼각형 세 정점 주변의 곡률 차이 등을 반영할 수 있는 체적 기준점을 결정하는 새로운 방법을 제시하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 본 논문에서 제시한 방식이 체적을 보존하면서 기존의 다른 방식에 비해 뒤지지 않는 축약 성능을 보여주는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 1997

A swept volume is a useful tool for solving various types of interference problems. Previous works have concentrated on sweeping an object along an arbitrary path, that results in complex algorithms. This paper concerns the volume swept by translating an object along a linear path. After analyzing the structure of the swept volume, we present an incremental algorithm for constructing a swept volume. Our algorithm takes O(n/sup 2/ *.alpha.(n)+T/sub c/) time where n is the number of vertices in the original object and T/sub c/ is time for handling face cycles.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1980

In an attempt to clarify the influence of lung volume and water temperature on the heart rate response during apneic face immersion in the trained athletes, 10 soccer players were studied while holding their breath as long as possible after full inspiration(TLC), full expiration(RV) or normal breath(FRC) with face immersion in water. The electrocardiogram(Lead II) was recorded before and during each manuever and compared with 20 control subjects. The results are summarized as follows; 1) Resting heart rate was significantly lower in the athletes than that of the control groups. 2) During apneic face immersion, severe bradycardia were observed in both groups and the heart rate was significantly lower in the athletes than that of the control groups. 3) The degree of the bradycardia (maximum percent reduction of heart rate, HRmax.) were inversely propotional to the lung volume and water temperature. In the above results, bradycardial response was more sensitive in the athletes than the control. It was suggested that diving bradycardia was related to the gas content in the lung and reflex from the cold receptor in the face.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2007

Ring and cylinder bore wear may not be a problem in most current automotive engines. However, a small change in ring face and cylinder bore diameter can significantly affect the lubrication characteristics and ring axial motion. This in turn can cause to change inter-ring pressure, blow-by and oil consumption in an engine. Therefore, by predicting the wear of piston ring face and cylinder bore altogether, the changed ring end gap and the changed volume of gas reservoir can be calculated. Then the excessive oil consumption can be predicted. Here, the oil amount through top ring gap into combustion chamber is estimated as engine oil consumption. Furthermore, the wear theories of ring and cylinder bore are included. The changed oil consumption caused by the new end gap and the new volume of oil reservoir around second land, can be calculated at some engine running interval. Meanwhile, the wear amount and oil consumption occurred during engine durability cycle are compared with the calculated values. The wear data of rings and cylinder bore are obtained from three engines after engine durability test. The calculated wear data of each part are turn out to be around the band of averaged test values or a little below. It is shown that the important factor regarding oil consumption increasement is the wear of ring face.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.291-300
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• 2022

Tunnel boring machines combined with the earth pressure balanced shield method (EPB shield TBMs) have been adopted in urban areas as they allow excavation of tunnels with limited ground deformation through continuous and repetitive excavation and support. Nevertheless, the expansion of TBM construction requires much more minor and exquisitely controlled surface settlement to prevent economic loss. Several parametric studies controlling the tunnel's geometry, ground properties, and TBM operational factors assuming ordinary conditions for EPB shield TBM excavation have been conducted, but the impact of excessive excavation on the induced settlement has not been adequately studied. This study conducted a numerical evaluation of surface settlement induced by the ground loss from face imbalance, excessive excavation, and tail void grouting. The numerical model was constructed using FLAC3D and validated by comparing its result with the field data from literature. Then, parametric studies were conducted by controlling the ground stiffness, face pressure, tail void grouting pressure, and additional volume of muck discharge. As a result, the contribution of these operational factors to the surface settlement appeared differently depending on the ground stiffness. Except for the ground stiffness as the dominant factor, the order of variation of surface settlement was investigated, and the volume of additional muck discharge was found to be the largest, followed by the face pressure and tail void grouting pressure. The results from this study are expected to contribute to the development of settlement prediction models and understanding the surface settlement behavior induced by TBM excavation.