• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.211-224
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• 2023

This study surveyed 2nd graders of B high school and 1st graders of A university in Gyeongnam on factors such as behavior control and interaction in non-face-to-face classes, easy or difficult concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry textbooks. Based on the results of the survey, the effect of changes in the difficulty level of concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry and changes in class types (face-to-face and non-face-to-face) on students' academic achievement by level was compared and analyzed. In the face-to-face class, the average score between the first and second semesters was similar according to the change in the difficulty of the concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry. In the non-face-to-face class, the average score of chemistry I in the second semester was quite low, and the average score of general chemistry was rather high. In non-face-to-face classes, the average score of chemistry I in the second semester of low-level students was significantly lowered due to changes in the difficulty of the concept and changes in class types on academic achievement by level. In the case of 10% of students at the lower level, the academic achievement of chemistry I decreased in both the second semester regardless of the changes in the difficulty level of concepts and the changes in class types.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.223-231
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• 2022

Covid-19, which has made a huge difference in our daily lives, has also brought major changes to our college education. As the class was changed from the traditional face-to-face class to a non face-to-face class, both teachers and students had difficulties in adapting, and problems such as the occurrence of academic achievement gaps due to non face-to-face classes were also raised. Therefore, this study aims to find out what attitudes students have toward non-face-to-face classes at universities caused by Covid-19. Accordingly, this study tried to identify the types of subjective perceptions college students have toward non-face-to-face classes by applying the Q methodology, and to suggest points for reference in the development and improvement of non-face-to-face classes in the future. Five types were found as a result of analysis using 30 P samples and 34 Q samples. First, learning efficiency-oriented type, second, class participation and communication-oriented type, third, non-face-to-face class active acceptance and utilization type, fourth, dissatisfaction type due to remote system and equipment operation errors, fifth, passive response type according to the situation to be. From the results of this study, it seems that it is necessary to develop an educational method for effective non-face-to-face class considering the characteristics of each type, and the merits of non-face-to-face classes, especially recorded lectures, in terms of learning efficiency, are evident. Therefore, even if face-to-face classes are conducted entirely at universities, it is believed that providing video-recorded lectures in class will be of great help to students' learning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1487-1499
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• 2007

In this study, photographs of 600 Korean females aged from 20 to 50years old were indirectly measured in Venus face 2D program. The measurements were analyzed by statistical methods. The purpose of this study was to differentiate the facial types of adult women for the beauty industry. As a result of factor analysis, 6 factors were selected the key factors of facial shape: head height(factor 1), head width(factor 2), side face width(factor 3), head width and circumference(factor 4), face length(factor 5), and side face width(factor 6). We categorized facial type into 5 groups with the previous 6 factor. 5 types were most common facial shapes: Oblong face(type 1), Square face(type 2), Oval face(type 3), Round face(type 4), Triangle face(type 5). The results of facial type analysis were showed that Round face(26.6%), Triangle face(25.3%), Oval face(22.3%), Square face(20.0%), Oblong face(5.7%).

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.826-833
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• 2020

When it is necessary to wear masks for long periods, such as during the current COVID-19 pandemic, the essential function of masks to prevent contamination (or transmission to others) as well as comfortableness are important. For this study, we used three-dimensional (3D) facial measurements of adult women to compile basic face shape data for designing comfortable and effective masks. This study analyzed the 3D facial data of 127 subjects in their 20s to 30s of the 6th Size Korea. Factor analysis of the survey data produced seven factors that formed the composition of adult female faces. These factors combined to produce three facial types: square (long face and a large lower middle face), oval (smallest central and lower body in the middle), and triangle (short face with a small central and lower large nose). These types reflect that the facial types of adult women show the differences in the nose angle, nose length, bitragion-subnasal arc, bitragion-menton arc. Therefore, properly fitting masks for fine dust particle filtration require 3D customization of a mask's breathing apparatus to fit differently shaped central and lower face parts that interfere with mask fit.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.17-31
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• 2021

Purpose: Despite the fact that face (i.e. Chemyon) is deeply-rooted in Korean culture and significantly affects the behavior of Korean people, the effect of face on leisure consumers' consumption behavior has only reported mixed findings, that is, significant and/or insignificant face effects have been reported. It is necessary to integrate prior research findings, and comprehensively examine the effect of face on leisure consumers' consumption behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect (i.e. effect size, and moderating variables) of face on leisure consumers' consumption behavior through meta-analysis. Research design, data and methodology: Among 1,019 face-related academic studies, retrieved from the academic research information services (RISS), 34 studies and 300 cases examining the effect of face on leisure consumers' consumption behavior were finally included for meta-analysis. Face measured as face sensitivity and/or a face sensitivity sub-component (shame-consciousness, formality-consciousness, and other-consciousness) were integrated in the meta-analysis. Leisure consumers' consumption behavior was classified as antecedents of purchase (overall conspicuous consumption tendency, overall symbolic consumption tendency, personality, high price, high quality, brand seeking, fashion seeking, enjoyment, other person (interpersonal) consideration, position, reference group, and attitude), purchase (purchase intention, unplanned purchase, purchase, and expenditure), and post-purchase (satisfaction, repurchase, and post-purchase). The data used in the meta-analysis was comprised of correlation coefficients, and the meta-analysis was performed using the R-program. Results: The overall mean effect size of face on leisure consumers' consumption behavior was .248. It was found that the effect size was the largest in the order of shame-consciousness face, formality-consciousness face, and other-consciousness face. Among the types of leisure consumers' consumption behavior categorized as dependent variables, the effect size was found to be largest in the order of position, attitude, reference group, post-purchase behavior, brand seeking, personality, trend seeking, etc. In addition, it was found that the leisure types moderated the effect size of face on leisure consumers' consumption behavior. The effect size was found to be largest in the order of skin diving, baseball, various leisure participation, dance, gambling, golf, etc. Conclusions: Face moderately or significantly influence leisure consumers' consumption behavior.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.86-95
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• 2009

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the difference of external appearance measurements in subjects of different regional lineages as subgroups within the Tae-eumin Sasang grouping. Methods: We chose 51 Tae-eumin subjects diagnosed by Korean Sasang constitutional medical doctors aided by voice analysis. The subjects were divided into two groups, the northern and southern lineages, by an expert on facial characteristics of the two lineages. We took pictures of their frontal and lateral views by Martin's method, measured projected length of face with the Facial Feature Measurement Program, and analyzed anthropometric facial differences between the northern and southern types. Results: Results show differences between the northern and southern types. First, the northern type of face has bigger measurements than the southern type on the frontal face. Second, the northern type of face has higher measurements of "height", which means distance from pupil to a specific measurement point, than the southern type on the frontal face. Third, on the frontal face, the northern and southern types have differences with respect to eyebrow, point of sellion, and eye. Fourth, on the side face, the northern and southern types have differences in lip, mandible and ear. Conclusions: We found our anthropometric facial measurements of the northern and southern lineages to be in accordance with previous literature. Knowledge of the differences between the northern and southern lineages can be a hint in constitutional diagnosis when differentiation is clinically confusing.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1495-1504
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• 2012

This paper proposes an algorithm to classify and analyze facial features such as eyebrow, eye, mouth and chin based on the geometric features of the face. As a preprocessing process to classify and analyze the facial features, the algorithm extracts the facial features such as eyebrow, eye, nose, mouth and chin. From the extracted facial features, it detects the shape and form information and the ratio of distance between the features and formulated them to evaluation functions to classify 12 eyebrows types, 3 eyes types, 9 mouth types and 4 chine types. Using these facial features, it analyzes a face. The face analysis algorithm contains the information about pixel distribution and gradient of each feature. In other words, the algorithm analyzes a face by comparing such information about the features.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.20 no.3 s.32
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• pp.541-552
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• 1990

Until now it has not surely been pointed out about the relation between the biting force and the facial types in scientific view. But it's correlation was assumed by several scientists : recently some literatures reported about the maximum biting force and facial types, but there's only a little articles about the relation between the biting force(biting force contain maximum biting force, chewing force and swallowing force) and facial type. So this study was, firstly, performed to establish the relation of the nomal face and long face versus biting force. 2ndly it was performed to establish the relation between the difference in mouth opening degrees versus biting force. 3rdly it was performed to establish the relation between male and female versus biting force. Biting force was measured from 56 adults (normal 26, long 30) whose samples was selected from Yonsei university students and Hospital patients. Sample was divided into 2groups (normal and long) by lateral cephalogram. The results of this study was obtained as follows. 1. Maximum biting force and chewing force in long face was smaller than normal face. 2. When the thickness of transducer was changed from 6m to 9mm, maximum biting force andchewingforcewaslargerthanbefore. 3. In case of comparing with male and female, male was larger than female in maximum biting force and chewing force.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.164-172
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• 2008

A face is the place where individuals can first give their images visually. This chapter presents how 'Visual optical illusion' works in applying makeup and how to differentiate the direction, location and shape of Lip in the aspect of physiognomy. For this study, employed were five types of face shape produced by Photoshop program. The best-matched facial shape was examined through a questionnaire research after applying the optical illusion of Lip to the five types of face shape. The results were revealed to be identical to ones presented in make-up teaching materials. In conclusion, it was found that well-matched shape and size of Lip could make some changes in the facial impression, changing the face shape into oval shape. The facial line can be modified and supplemented by reshaping such facial parts as the Lip, producing well-balanced facial shape. Consequently, make-up was proved to be one of the methods which can be used to create social and psychological effect which can make a favorable facial impression and individuality, natural impression and image making depending on different purposes, taking advantage of optical illusion effect.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Respiratory face masks are protective facepieces that are designed to filter inhaled air. They are easy-to-use devices that can protect the wearer against various hazardous particles in the air. Respiratory face masks also prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria-containing droplets that are released from the coughing or sneezing of the infected people. During the COVID-19 pandemic, various types of face masks have circulated on the market. Their ability to filter sub-micron particles, which are the sizes of harmful particulate matter and airborne viruses, needs to be investigated. Their breathability, the easiness of breath through the mask, also needs to be considered. In this study, wwe evaluated the performance of filters used for different types of face masks certified by different standards including Korean (KF94, KF80, KF-AD), USA (N95), and Chinese (KN95) standards. We also tested the filters of nanofiber masks and surgical masks for which there are no standards for filtration test. The N95 mask filters showed the highest quality factor for capturing virus-sized particles. The other types of mask filters have acceptable performance except for nanofiber mask filters whose performance is very low.