• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.643-648
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• 2001

III급 부정교합은 전치가 수평적으로 반대로 물리는 양상 때문에 치과의사뿐만 아니라 일반인에 의해서도 쉽게 발견되므로 비교적 조기에 치과를 찾는 빈도가 높다. 이러한 III급 부정교합 치료 시에 치과의사들이 사용할 수 있는 방법은 여러 가지가 있을 수 있으며 그 중 정형적 Face mask는 III급 부정교합에 기여하는 모든 요소 즉, 상악골 후퇴, 하악전돌, 낮은 전방하안면고경에 전반적으로 영향을 미치기 때문에 가장 폭넓게 적용가능하고 가장 짧은 기간에 극적인 결과를 나타내기 때문에 대부분의 발육중인 III급 증례에 적용될 수 있다. 이에 본원에 내원한 III급 부정교합 환아에서 Face mask를 적응함으로써 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 전치부 반대 교합이 상악골의 전방이동 하악골의 후하방 회전에 의해 해소되었다. 2. 경조직, 연조직에서 안모의 개선이 나타났다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

Respiratory face masks are protective facepieces that are designed to filter inhaled air. They are easy-to-use devices that can protect the wearer against various hazardous particles in the air. Respiratory face masks also prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria-containing droplets that are released from the coughing or sneezing of the infected people. During the COVID-19 pandemic, various types of face masks have circulated on the market. Their ability to filter sub-micron particles, which are the sizes of harmful particulate matter and airborne viruses, needs to be investigated. Their breathability, the easiness of breath through the mask, also needs to be considered. In this study, wwe evaluated the performance of filters used for different types of face masks certified by different standards including Korean (KF94, KF80, KF-AD), USA (N95), and Chinese (KN95) standards. We also tested the filters of nanofiber masks and surgical masks for which there are no standards for filtration test. The N95 mask filters showed the highest quality factor for capturing virus-sized particles. The other types of mask filters have acceptable performance except for nanofiber mask filters whose performance is very low.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.826-833
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• 2020

When it is necessary to wear masks for long periods, such as during the current COVID-19 pandemic, the essential function of masks to prevent contamination (or transmission to others) as well as comfortableness are important. For this study, we used three-dimensional (3D) facial measurements of adult women to compile basic face shape data for designing comfortable and effective masks. This study analyzed the 3D facial data of 127 subjects in their 20s to 30s of the 6th Size Korea. Factor analysis of the survey data produced seven factors that formed the composition of adult female faces. These factors combined to produce three facial types: square (long face and a large lower middle face), oval (smallest central and lower body in the middle), and triangle (short face with a small central and lower large nose). These types reflect that the facial types of adult women show the differences in the nose angle, nose length, bitragion-subnasal arc, bitragion-menton arc. Therefore, properly fitting masks for fine dust particle filtration require 3D customization of a mask's breathing apparatus to fit differently shaped central and lower face parts that interfere with mask fit.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.361-367
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• 2003

We propose an algorithm to detect the face region using a variable ellipsoidal mask and a neural network. Since outlines of human faces are similar to ellipsoid, the ellipsoidal mask that has the fixed ratio of major and minor axis can be used to detect the candidate area. The positions of eyes and lips are extracted in this candidate area, and then the morphological analysis is applied to make features which are consist of six parameters, such as the geometrical ratio of eyes and lips. A back-propagation neural network is used as a classifier to determine the most possible face region. The experimental result is conducted to verify its efficiency compared with those of previous works.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.736-745
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• 1996

The conventional treatment of skeletal Class III malocclusion has been focused on application of orthopedic force primarily to the mandible. However, In Class III malocclusion with retrograde position or underdevelopment of Maxilla, this approach is not suitable treatment. These patients need an application of orthopedic forces via face-mask to the Maxilla to stimulate its growth and to change the direction of growth. In skeletal Class III patients who were treated by Face-Mask, the following results were obtained. 1. Forward growth of Maxilla was enhanced. 2. Labioversion of upper incisors and linguoversion of lower incisors were observed. 3. Mandible was rotated to clockwise direction and remodeling of B point was observed. 4. Anterior crossbite was corrected by combining of the above results.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.10-28
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• 2022

In this paper, we present an entry-level COVID-19 stand-alone digitial signage player (CoSiP) which performs not only conventional digital signage functionalities but also fever detection, face mask wearing detection, and KI-pass QR code checking. The overall design of CoSiP is proposed, and implementation of a temperature checking algorithm using a low cost thermal sensor is elaborately presented. Through experiments over datasets and against a developed CoSiP device, it is shown that the fever detection, face mask wearing detection, KI-pass QR code checking as well as signage functionalities of the proposed CoSiP work properly and reliably.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2022

Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic is one of the worst disease outbreaks of the 21th century. Due to a lack of reliable antiviral therapeutics, wearing face masks is recommended to prevent airborne infection originating from virus-contaminated bioaerosols. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the filtration efficiencies of face masks that are commercially available in South Korea for a biological aerosol of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and murine coronavirus, a well-known surrogate for human coronaviruses. Methods: We collected six different kinds of commercial masks: two Korea Filter (KF)94 (KF94-1, KF94-2) masks, one surgical (Surgical-1) mask, one anti-droplet (KF-AD-1) mask, and two dust (Dust-1, Dust-2) face masks. S. aureus (ATCC 6538), a well-performing test bacteria and murine coronavirus (ATCC VR-764) were prepared under a suitable culture condition. Then, a mask biological filtration tester was used to examine the microbial filtration efficiencies of masks. Test microorganisms were quantitatively measured via cultivation methods and microbial filtration efficiencies were calculated appropriately. Results: All face masks showed over 99.6% filtration efficiency for S. aureus or murine coronavirus. There were no significant differences among the bacterial filtration efficiencies of the face masks. KF94-1 (99.97±0.08%) and Dust-1 mask (99.97±0.07%) showed the highest (over 99.9%) filtration efficiency for murine coronavirus. KF94-1 or Dust-1 masks showed a significant virus filtration efficiency compared to Surgical-1 mask (p<0.05; Mann-Whitney U test). Conclusions: All the commercially available face masks used in this study can filter S. aureus or murine coronavirus in bioaerosols efficiently, regardless of the mask type. Therefore, our results suggest that wearing a certified face mask is a reliable means to prevent the transmission of infectious airborne diseases via biological aerosols.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제37권2A호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2012

원거리에서의 획득한 영상은 해상도가 낮고 블러링과 잡음에 의한 영향이 크다. 이러한 문제점들은 얼굴 검출 과정에서 보다 많은 오류영역을 산출할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 AdaBoost 필터와 얼굴의 색상과 외형 정보를 이용한 순차적인 검증 단계를 적용한 얼굴 검출 방법을 제안한다. AdaBoost 방법으로 검출된 오류(false alarm)는 피부색 필터와 가변 경계마스크 필터로 순차적으로 제거된다. 피부색 필터는 사각 윈도우 영역과 화소 별로 적용되는 두 단계로 구성되어 최종적으로 이진 얼굴 클러스터 영상을 구성한다. 기존의 고정된 경계마스크 필터의 단점을 해결하기 위하여 얼굴 클러스터영역에 부합하는 타원을 추정하여 경계마스크의 크기를 산출하고 가로-세로 비율의 적정성을 검토한다. 실험에서는 CCTV와 스마트 폰으로 획득한 영상을 이용하여 제안된 얼굴 검출 방법이 원거리에서 획득한 영상의 얼굴 검출에 효과적임을 보인다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2012

Purpose: The golden ratio has been used for a long time to objectify and quantify 'beauty'. Dr. Marqurardt claims that the golden ratio can be applied in the maxillofacial field as well. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic significance of using a facial 'phi' mask for analyzing Korean faces with characteristics of Class I, II, and III malocclusion. Methods: We studied twenty five Korean celebrities' frontal facial photos (10 males, 15 females) and 90 malocclusion patients' frontal facial photos (30 patients in each malocclusion classification: Class I, Class II, and Class III). Patients who received orthodontic treatment at Samsung Medical Center were selected for this study. After superimposition of the selected facial photo and facial 'phi' mask using Adobe Photoshop CS3, the ratio of the entire facial area, mid facial area, lower facial area and horizontal and vertical lengths were measured. Results: The facial ratio in photos of Korean faces showed larger vertical and horizontal ratios than the facial 'phi' mask with golden ratio, regardless of skeletal malocclusion (entire face: 115%, lower face: 125% larger than the mask). The results of the frontal photos of Class I, II, and III malocclusion patients using facial 'phi' mask showed that the vertical length and frontal face area was more significantly influenced by the area of the lower face than the midface. This means that the lower face has larger proportions in the facial areas. Conclusion: The ratio of facial 'phi' mask is matched with the ideal facial appearance that the contemporary Korean general public is seeking. Thus, the facial 'phi' mask may be a convenient tool for esthetic analysis of Korean faces. Reducing the area of the lower face is esthetically more desirable for almost all Korean people when planning orthognathic surgery.

• 복식
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.47-59
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• 2009

This paper aimed at the development of face covers which is face protection articles for blocking UV rays and yellow sands, with a view to assist the further activation of outdoor life. The four-stage design process of field study, design, design evaluation, final selection of designs was set up for the effective product development. Field study included on-line and off-line market survey on the products for sale in market and observation on those wearing face covers. Depth interviews were done to know consumer understandings and satisfaction levels for current face covers. The results of market survey showed that most of the face covers currently in the market were mask types, which were produced for the blocking of dust and yellow sands rather than UV ray protection. The major clients of the mask were the women in their 30's-50's and the designs for these clients were very limited. Since the number of younger women and men enjoy the outdoor sports has increased, the face covers for these people should be developed. For this purpose, the direction of new face cover design had 2 points: diversification of design in terms of color, material, shape and giving seasonal differences. 12 designs were designed on the first design stage, but after both wearing test by 16 testees and UV ray blocking test to evaluate these designs, 6 face cover designs were finally selected.