• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 1993

Background: Inactivation of retinoblastoma gene (Rb) has been observed in a variety of human cancers. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of Rb which is a common mode of allelic inactivation of Rb, has been known as a frequent genetic event in small cell lung cancer but it has been detected less frequently in non-small cell lung cancer. To define the role of Rb deletion in lung cancer, we investigated the genomic DNAs of 43 non-small cell lung cancers and 1 small cell lung cancer paired with normal lung tissues obtained by thoracotomy. Methods: The genomic DNAs were obtained by the digestion with proteinase K followed by phenol-chloroform extraction method. The genomic DNAs were digested by restriction endonuclease (EcoRI), separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to nylon membrane by Southern blot transfer and then hybridized with labelled Rb 1 probe which contains. 1.4 kb sized DNA sequence containing N-terminal portion of Rb. Results: In 26 squamous cell lung cancers, 16 cases were informative after EcoRI digestion and LOH of Rb was found in 10 cases (62.5%). In 17 adenocarcinomas of lung, 11 cases were informative and LOH of Rb was found in five cases (45.4%). The analysis of clinical parameters revealed no significant differences between the two groups with or without LOH of Rb in the aspects of age, sex, degree of differentiation, stage and smoking amount. Conclusions: These results suggest that Rb inactivation is also significantly involved in the molecular pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.661-674
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the level of MMP-2, MMP-8 in the healthy, inflammed gingival tissue and inflammed gingival tissue associated with type 2 DM. We investigate whether expression of MMP-2, MMP-8 is increased by chronic periodontitis associated with type 2 DM. Gingival tissue samples were obtained during periodontal surgery or tooth extraction. Based on patient's systemic condition & clinical criteria of gingiva, each gingival samples were divided into three groups. Group l(n=8) is clinically healthy gingiva without bleeding and no evidence of bone resorption or periodontal pockets, obtained from 8 systemically healthy patients. Group 2(n=8) is inflammed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Group 3(n=8) is inflammed gingiva from type 2 diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Tissue samples were prepared and analyzed by Western blotting. The quantification of MMP-2, MMP-8 was performed using a densitometer and statistically analyzed by ANOVA. MMP-2, MMP-8 was expressed in all samples including healthy gingiva and increased in group 3 compared to group 1 and 2, and showed that significant variation was observed between group 1 & 3 in MMP-8 results. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that human gingival tissue with chronic periodontitis associated to type 2 diabetes showed slightly elevated MMP-2, MMP-8 levels compared to healthy gingiva and non-diabetic inflamed gingiva.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.175-180
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• 2003

To develop the health/functional food materials, we investigated the cultural condition of mycelial growth on the solid state fermentation using the brown rise, Acanthopanax sp. and Artemisia sp., and also evaluated inhibitory activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) of hot water extracts from cultured media of Pleurotus eryngii. As the amount of Acanthopanax nnd Artemisia In the cultural media increased, the mycelial growth rate decreased. Especially, addition of Aeantopanax showed marked effect than Artemisia. Moisture contents in three kinds of cultured media were in the range of $10.9{\sim}12.0%$. Crude protein fat and crude fiber content were the highest value in cultured brown rice medium, whereas the mineral contents (Ca, K and P) were higher in the Acanthopanax supplemented (5%) medium than the other media, The extraction yield of the Artemisia supplemented (5%) medium was the highest value of 4.80%, and the pH of hot water extract from cultured brown rice medium showed the lowest value of 6.1. Lightness (L) values in three kinds of extracts from cultured media were in the range of $85.8{\sim}87.1$. Redness (a) value was the highest In the brown rice and Acanthopanax supplemented media, however cultured Artemisia supplemented medium showed the highest value in yellowness (b). In comparison of sugar components analyzed by the thin layer chromatography with three kinds of samples, two spots were detected to be glucose and maltose, respectively. The ACE inhibitory activity of hot water extract from the cultured Acanthopanax supplemented medium showed the highest value at the concentration of $0.2{\sim}1.0\;mg/ml$. These results suggest that the Pleurotus eryngii grew in natural media using brown rice and Acanthopanax can be supplemented to the brown rice medium to enhance its ACE inhibitory activity as health/functional food materials.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1471-1476
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• 1999

A simple and practical method for determination of caffeine in foods was developed. The analysis of caffeine was performed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography using a ${\mu}-Bondapak\;C_{18}$ column at isocratic condition with methanol-acetic acid-water(20 : 1 : 79) on UV detector at 280 nm. The clean-up and extraction of caffeine in samples were based on a simple pretreatment using a Sep-Pak $C_{18}$ cartridge. Recovery rates obtained with this method for cider, candy, cookie, milk, ice cream and persimmon leaf tea were 99.23%, 99.50%, 99.17%, 99.37%, 98.93% and 99.10% respectively. And the detection limit of caffeine was $0.1\;{\mu}g/mL$. With this method, the range of caffeine contents extracted from coffee, green tea, black tea, Oolong tea(tea bag), soft drinks, ice cream, milk and commercial confectionery were $3.38{\sim}37.50\;mg/g,\;16.30{\sim}26.10\;mg/g,\;10.80{\sim}16.65\;mg/g,\;11.25\;mg/g,\;0.06{\sim}0.11\;mg/g,\;0.04{\sim}0.44\;mg/g,\;0.04{\sim}0.39\;mg/g\;and\;0.10{\sim}1.80\;mg/g$, respectively. But caffeine was not detected in the other tea such as Acanthopanax sessiliflorum tea, Angelica gigas tea, Angelica tea, Arrow root tea, Duchu'ng tea, Dunggulle tea, Ganoerma lucidum tea, Ginger tea powder, Persimmon leaf tea, Ssanghwa tea and Cocoa mix powder.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.413-426
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• 2009

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of indigenous bacteria on geochemical behavior of toxic heavy metals in contaminated paddy soil near an abandoned mine. The effects of sulfate amendment to stimulate microbial sulfate reduction on heavy metal behaviors were also investigated. Batch-type experiments were performed with lactate or glucose as a carbon source to activate indigenous bacteria in the soil under anaerobic condition for 100 days. Sulfate (250 mg/L) was artificially injected at 60 days after the onset of the experiments. In the case of glucose supply, solution pH increased from 4.8 to 7.6 while pH was maintained at 7~8 in the lactate solution. The initial low pH in the case of glucose supply likely resulted in the enhanced extraction of Fe and most heavy metals at the initial experimental period. Lactate supply exerted no significant difference on the amounts of dissolved Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu between microbial and abiotic control slurries; however, lower Zn, Pb and Ni and higher Cu concentrations were observed in the microbial slurries than in the controls when glucose supplied. Sulfate amendment led to dramatic decrease in dissolved Cr and maintenance of dissolved As, both of which had gradually increased over time till the sulfate injection. Black precipitates formed in solution after sulfate amendment, and violarite($Fe^{+2}{Ni^{+3}}_2S_4$) was found with XRD analysis in the microbial precipitates. Conceivably the mineral might be formed after Fe(III) reduction and microbial sulfate reduction with coprecipitation of heavy metal. The results suggested that heavy metals which can be readily extracted from contaminated paddy soils may be stabilized in soil formation by microbial sulfate reduction.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to develop a simultaneous method of 8 penicillin antibiotics including amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, penicillin G and penicillin V in meat using LC-MS/MS. The procedure involves solid phase extraction with HLB cartridge and subsequent analysis by LC-MS/MS. To optimize MS analytical condition of 8 compounds, each parameter was established by multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a $C_{18}$ column with a mobile phase of 0.05% formic acid and 0.05% formic acid in acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min for 20 min with a gradient elution. The developed method was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision in beef, pork and chicken. The recoveries were 71.0~106%, and relative standard deviations (RSD) were 4.0~11.2%. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.003~0.008 mg/kg and 0.01~0.03 mg/kg, respectively, that are below maximum residue limit (MRL) of the penicillins. This study also performed survey of residual penicillin antibiotics for 193 samples of beef, pork and chicken collected from 9 cities in Korea. Penicillins were not found in all the samples except a sample of pork which contained cloxacillin (concentration of 0.08 mg/kg) below the MRL (0.3 mg/kg).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.214-223
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: This study focused on the development of an analytical method about dichlorprop (DCPP; 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid) which is a plant growth regulator, a synthetic auxin for agricultural commodities. DCPP prevents falling of fruits during their growth periods. However, the overdose of DCPP caused the unwanted maturing time and reduce the safe storage period. If we take fruits with exceeding maximum residue limits, it could be harmful. Therefore, this study presented the analytical method of DCPP in agricultural commodities for the nation-wide pesticide residues monitoring program of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. METHODS AND RESULTS: We adopted the analytical method for DCPP in agricultural commodities by gas chromatograph in cooperated with Electron Capture Detector(ECD). Sample extraction and purification by ion-associated partition method were applied, then quantitation was done by GC/ECD with DB-17, a moderate polarity column under the temperature-rising condition with nitrogen as a carrier gas and split-less mode. Standard calibration curve presented linearity with the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) > 0.9998, analysed from 0.1 to 2.0 mg/L concentration. Limit of quantitation in agricultural commodities represents 0.05 mg/kg, and average recoveries ranged from 78.8 to 102.2%. The repeatability of measurements expressed as coefficient of variation (CV %) was less than 9.5% in 0.05, 0.10, and 0.50 mg/kg. CONCLUSION(S): Our newly improved analytical method for DCPP residues in agricultural commodities was applicable to the nation-wide pesticide residues monitoring program with the acceptable level of sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1987

This study was carried out to prepare powdered smoked-dried mackerel which can be used as a soup base, and to examine storage stability and the taste compounds of Products. Raw mackerel are filleted, toiled for 10 minutes and pressed to remove lipids, and then soaked in extract solution of skipjack meat. This soaked mackerel are smoked 3 times to $10-12\%$ moisture content at $80^{\circ}C$ for 8 hours. And the smoked-dried mackerel were pulverized to 50 mesh. Finally, the powdered smoked-dried mackerel were packed in a laminated film $bag(PET/Al\;foil/CPP:\;5{\mu}m/15{\mu}m/70{\mu}m,\;15\times17cm)$ with air(product C), nitrogen(product N) and oxygen absorber(product O), and then stored at room temperature for 100 days. The moisture and crude lipid content of powdered smoked-dried mackerel was $11.3-12.3\%,\;12\%$, respectively, and water activity is 0.52-0.56. And these values showed little changes during storage. The pH, VBN and amino nitrogen content increased slowly during storage. Hydrophilic and lipophilic brown pigment formation showed a tendency of increase in product(C) and showed little change in product(N) and (O). The TBA value, peroxide value and carbonyl value of product(N) and (O) were lower than those of product (C). The major fatty acids of products were 16:0, 18:1, 22:6, 18:0 and 20:5, and polyenoic acids decreased, while saturated and monoenoic acids increased during processing and storage of products. The IMP content in products were 420.2-454.2 mg/100 g and decreased slightly with storage period. And major non-volatile organic acids in products were lactic acid, succinic acid and $\alpha-ketoglutaric$ acid. In free amino acids and related compounds, major ones are histidine, alanine, hydroxyproline, lysine, glutamic acid and anserine, which occupied $80.8\%$ of total free amino acids. The taste compounds of powdered smoked-dried mackerel were free amino acids and related compounds (1,279.4 mg/100 g), non-volatile organic acids(948.1 mg/100 g), nucleotides and their related compounds (672.8 mg/100 g), total creatinine(430.4 ntg/100 g), tetaine(86.6 mg/100 g) and small amount of TMAO. The extraction condition of powdered smoked-dried mackerel in preparing soup stock is appropriate at $100^{\circ}C$ for 1 minute. Judging from the results of taste and sensory evaluation, it is concluded that the powdered smoked-dried mackerel can be used as natural flavoring substance in preparing soups and broth.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.301-314
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• 2003

The purposes of this retrospective study were to assess the change of serum parameters in oral and maxillofacial surgery patients after operation and to determine what laboratory parameters on treatment periods were associated with the recovery of systemic condition. For purposes of assessing systemic nutritional status, several serum parameters were chosen. The sample patients were randomsubjects extracted from three category patient groups- oral cancer, odontogenic abscess, facial bone fracture based on treated patients at department of oral and maxillofacial surgery in Pusan National University Hospital from September 1, 1998, to September 1, 2002. Each groups were consisted with 10 patients. Each patient chart was examined and blood sample parameters were reviewed with clinical signs, symptoms and vital sign at preoperative day, postoperative 1 day, postoperative 1 week. Several parameters were analyzed statistically for extraction of mean values and differences between the periods groups. The findings of serum parameters of cancer, abscess and fracture groups were as follows: 1. In cancer patients, Hb, MCV, albumin, cholesterol, LDH, AST, ALT, neutrophil, platelet, leukocyte, Na, K, Cl, BUN, creatinine were analyzed. Values of Hb, albumin, AST, neutrophil, leukocyte, Cl showed significantly differences according to periods. 2. In abscess patients, CRP, ESR, leukocyte, body temperature, neutrophil were analyzed. Values of CRP, leukocyte, body temperature, neutrophil showed significanlty differences according to periods. 3. In fracture patients, same parameters with cancer patient's were chosen. Values of platelet, Cl only showed significantly differences according to periods. 4. In cancer patients, data regarding correlation was analyzed statistically as Pearson's value. A positive correlation was found between Hb and albumin, K, Na(P<0.05). A positive correlation was also found between neutrophil and leukocyte(P<0.05). Positive correlations were found between cholesterol and ALT, LDH and platelet, creatinine both, Platelet and BUN, Na and K(P<0.01). 5. In abscess patients, Peason's correlation values were analyzed on parameters. A positive correlation was found only between CRP and neutrophil(P<0.05). 6. In fracture patients, The correlations of parameters also were statistically analyzed. Positive correlations were found between MCV and K, albumin and LDH, AST and three parameters of creatinine, Na, Cl, K and neutrophil, neutrophil and three parameters of leukocyte, BUN, K(P<0.05). Positive correlations were found between LDH and AST, ALT and AST, creatinine both(P<0.01). This retrospective clinical study showed the CRP levels only on abscess patients may be useful in determination of clinical infected status, but the levels of other parameters on cancer, fracture patients did not showed significant values as diagnostic aids for clinical status.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.111-126
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• 2017

Recommender systems based on association rule mining significantly contribute to seller's sales by reducing consumers' time to search for products that they want. Recommendations based on the frequency of transactions such as orders can effectively screen out the products that are statistically marketable among multiple products. A product with a high possibility of sales, however, can be omitted from the recommendation if it records insufficient number of transactions at the beginning of the sale. Products missing from the associated recommendations may lose the chance of exposure to consumers, which leads to a decline in the number of transactions. In turn, diminished transactions may create a vicious circle of lost opportunity to be recommended. Thus, initial sales are likely to remain stagnant for a certain period of time. Products that are susceptible to fashion or seasonality, such as clothing, may be greatly affected. This study was aimed at expanding association rules to include into the list of recommendations those products whose initial trading frequency of transactions is low despite the possibility of high sales. The particular purpose is to predict the strength of the direct connection of two unconnected items through the properties of the paths located between them. An association between two items revealed in transactions can be interpreted as the interaction between them, which can be expressed as a link in a social network whose nodes are items. The first step calculates the centralities of the nodes in the middle of the paths that indirectly connect the two nodes without direct connection. The next step identifies the number of the paths and the shortest among them. These extracts are used as independent variables in the regression analysis to predict future connection strength between the nodes. The strength of the connection between the two nodes of the model, which is defined by the number of nodes between the two nodes, is measured after a certain period of time. The regression analysis results confirm that the number of paths between the two products, the distance of the shortest path, and the number of neighboring items connected to the products are significantly related to their potential strength. This study used actual order transaction data collected for three months from February to April in 2016 from an online commerce company. To reduce the complexity of analytics as the scale of the network grows, the analysis was performed only on miscellaneous goods. Two consecutively purchased items were chosen from each customer's transactions to obtain a pair of antecedent and consequent, which secures a link needed for constituting a social network. The direction of the link was determined in the order in which the goods were purchased. Except for the last ten days of the data collection period, the social network of associated items was built for the extraction of independent variables. The model predicts the number of links to be connected in the next ten days from the explanatory variables. Of the 5,711 previously unconnected links, 611 were newly connected for the last ten days. Through experiments, the proposed model demonstrated excellent predictions. Of the 571 links that the proposed model predicts, 269 were confirmed to have been connected. This is 4.4 times more than the average of 61, which can be found without any prediction model. This study is expected to be useful regarding industries whose new products launch quickly with short life cycles, since their exposure time is critical. Also, it can be used to detect diseases that are rarely found in the early stages of medical treatment because of the low incidence of outbreaks. Since the complexity of the social networking analysis is sensitive to the number of nodes and links that make up the network, this study was conducted in a particular category of miscellaneous goods. Future research should consider that this condition may limit the opportunity to detect unexpected associations between products belonging to different categories of classification.