• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.155-172
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to measure the bonding strength at the enamel and dentin of extracted bovine incisors when they are irradiated by W Nd: YAG, EoQ Nd: YAG, and CW $CO_2$ laser, etched and then attached by composite resin. The laser-irradiated surface, the etched surface after the laser-irradiation and the interface of the treated surface and resin are observed by using scanning electron microscope. The NP Nd:YAG laser is used at the peam power of 207 KW. The EOQ Nd: YAG laser is used at the peak power of 1.15Mk. The CW $CO_2$ laser is used at the energy output of 5W and 10W in enamel; in dentin, at the energy output of 2W. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The shear bond strength of enamel decreased in the following order: EOQ Nd:YAG laser group, NP Nd:YAG laser group, CW $CO_2$ laser groups, unlased group. The unlased group showed a significant difference from EOQ Nd:YAG laser group (P<0.01), NP Nd:YAG laser group (P<0.05), but no significant difference from CW $CO_2$ laser group (P>0.05). 2. The shear bond strength of dentin decreased in the following order: CW $CO_2$ laser group, NP Nd:YAG laser group, unlased group, EOQ Nd:YAG laser group. The unlased group showed a significant difference from CW $CO_2$ laser group (P<0.01), but no significant difference from Nd:YAG laser groups (P>0.05). 3. The scanning electron microscope of enamel revealed irregular microcrack and pore at the surface in the NP Nd:YAG laser group and CW $CO_2$ laser group, but the crackless flat surface in the EOQ Nd:YAG laser group. 4. The scanning electron microscope of dentin revealed obstruction of in most of dentinal tubule and decrease of diameter. 5. The scanning electron microscope of the interface of resin and enamel revealed prominent penetration of resin tag in the EOQ Nd:YAG laser group.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2013

연구 재료 및 방법: 본 연구에서는 간접 레진 수복시에 상아질 접착제와 저점도 레진을 이용한 상아질 레진코팅법을 자가 접착 레진 시멘트에 적용해 전단결합강도가 증가하는지 비교하고 기존의 레진 시멘트와의 전단결합강도 차이가 어떠한지 평가하고자 하였다. 연구 목적: 사람의 발거된 건전한 구치 36개의 치관부를 삭제하고 상아질을 노출시킨 후 3개의 군으로 분류하였다. 1군과 3군은 상아질에 아무런 처리 과정을 거치지 않고 2군만 Clearfil SE bond와 Metafil Flo를 사용해 상아질 레진코팅법을 시행하였다. 24시간의 임시수복 기간을 둔 후 Tescera를 이용하여 제작한 레진 인레이 블록을 1군과 2군에는 Unicem, 3군에는 Panavia F를 사용해 접착하였다. 그 후 증류수에 48시간 동안 보관한 후 전단결합강도를 측정하였다. 측정된 전단결합강도는 one-way ANOVA를 이용하여 비교 분석하였으며 유의한 차이가 있는 경우 Tukey method를 이용하여 multiple comparison를 시행하였다. 결과:상아질에 레진코팅법을 시행한 경우의 Unicem의 결합강도가 상아질에 아무런 처리를 하지 않은 대조군의 결합강도보다 높게 나타났고(P<.0001), 레진코팅을 하지 않고 Panavia F로 접착한 실험군의 결합강도보다 높게 나타났다(P<.0001). 결론: 상아질 레진코팅법은 자가 접착 레진 시멘트의 접착 강도를 증가시켰다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.422-428
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• 2006

상아질 접착제는 많은 발전을 거듭하여 적용 단계가 단순화되고 짧아져서 어린이에게 사용하기에 더욱 편리해졌다. 본 연구에서는 최근 개발된 7세대 결합제인 $i-bond^{TM}$(Kulzer, Germany)의 미세누출을 기존에 사용되는 다른 결합제와 비교하여 그 효용성을 평가하기 위함이다. 40개의 교정적 목적으로 발거된 건전한 소구치의 협면과 설면에 5급 와동을 형성하고 무작위로 4개의 군으로 나누었다. 1군은 4세대인 Scotchbond $Multi-Purpose^{(R)}$(3M, USA), 2군은 5세대 Clearfil SE Bond(Kuraray, Japan), 3군은 6세대 AQ Bond(Sun medical, Japan), 4군은 7세대 $i-bond^{TM}$(Kulzer, Germany)를 적용하고 복합레진 Z100(3M, USA)으로 충전하였다. 시편을 $5^{\circ}C$와 $55^{\circ}C$에 각 30초간 계류시켜 1,000회 열순환하고 2% methylene blue 용액에 24시간 넣어 염료를 침투시킨 뒤, 저속 diamond cutter($Isomet^{TM}$, Buehler, USA)를 이용하여 주수하에 치아를 협설로 절단하였다. 색소의 침투 정도를 입체현미경을 이용하여 침투깊이를 0에서 3점으로 채점하여 측정한 뒤 미세누출 정도를 비교하였다. 결과적으로 7세대 결합제의 미세누출 평균값이 다른 결합제보다 높게 나왔으며, 특히 4세대 결합제와는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.96-102
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• 2014

Objective: A recent study suggested that rs6504340, a polymorphism within the homeobox B (HOXB) gene cluster, is associated with the susceptibility for malocclusions in Europeans. The resulting malocclusions require orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of rs6504340 and other dentition-implicated polymorphisms with dental and occlusal traits in Korean and Japanese populations. Methods: The study participants included 223 unrelated Koreans from the Busan area and 256 unrelated Japanese individuals from the Tokyo metropolitan area. DNA samples were extracted from saliva specimens. Genotyping for rs6504340 and four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been shown to be associated with the timing of first tooth eruption and the number of teeth at 1 year of age (rs10506525, rs1956529, rs9674544, and rs8079702) was performed using TaqMan assays. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), overjet, overbite, arch length discrepancy, crown sizes, and length and width of the dental arches were measured. Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate relationships between rs6504340 and these dental/occlusal traits. Results: We evaluated the aesthetic components and dental health components of the IOTN in the Korean and Japanese populations and found that neither rs6504340 nor the other four SNPs showed any association with dental and occlusal traits in these East Asian populations. Conclusions: These negative results suggest that further research is needed to identify the genetic determinants of malocclusions in order to reach a consensus.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2011

Introduction: Mandibular third molar extraction is one of the most common procedures performed in oral and maxillofacial surgery units. Although the overall complication rate is low with most complications being minor, mandibular third molar removal is so common that the population morbidity of complications might be significant. Therefore, efforts to limit intraoperative or postoperative complications might have a significant impact in terms of enhancing the patient outcome. The aims of this study were to identify the position and angulation associated complications after mandibular third molar extractions. Materials and Methods: This study surveyed 568 patients who had a mandibular third molar extracted, showed clinical complications and underwent a radiographic measurement of the available space, depth and spatial relationship. Results: The results obtained were as follows: 1. The complications were a dry socket, nerve injury, root rest, infection, bleeding, hamatoma, and adjacent teeth injury. 2. There were no significant differences between the complication and ramus relationship (available space) of the mandibular third molar. 3. There were no significant differences between the complications and depth of the mandibular third molar. 4. There were no significant differences between the complications and spatial relationship of the mandibular third molar. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in the complication rate, ramus relationship, depth and spatial relationship of the mandibular third molar. This suggests that the position and angulation of the mandibular third molar may not have an impact on the complications. The relationship between the position and angulation of the mandibular third molar, and complications deserves a further study using longitudinal data.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.97-112
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of wetting condition made by drying time on bonding of resin cement to dentin. Freshly extracted bovine teeth were grinded to expose flat dentin surfaces. After the exposed dentin surfaces were treated with pretreatment agents and water rinse, each wetting condition of dentin surfaces was made according to drying times and methods including slight blow bry for I-second by air syringe, blow dry for 20-second by air syringe, and 12-hour dry in desiccator respectively. and then, previously made composite resin specimens were bonded onto each conditioned dentin surface of the specimen using Panavia-21(Kuraray Co.), Bistite(Tokuso Co.), and Choice(use with All bond-2, Bisco Inc.) resin cement according as manufacturer's instruction. Bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, then the tensile bond strength was measured, cohesive failure rate was calculated, and fractured dentin surfaces and acrylic rod sides were examined under scanning electron microscope. The result were as follows ; In the group of bonding with Panavia-21 resin cement, higher tensile bond strength was seen in 12-hour dry group than in I-second and 20-second dry group(p<0.01). In the group of bonding with Bistite resin cement, higher tensile bond strength was seen in 1-second dry group than in 20-second and 12-hour dry group(p<0.01). In the group of bonding with Choice resin cement, no significant differences of bond strength under given drying time were seen. Cohesive failure rates derived from the groups of bonding with Panavia-21 and Choice resin cement were increased with the increase of tensile bond strength in each drying time. On SEM examination of fractured surface, adhesive failure mode with fractured resin tags was mostly seen in wet condition with I-second drying time in the group of bonding with Panavia-21 resin cement, mixed failure mode with shortened and fractured resin tag was seen in the group of bonding with Bistite resin cement, and regardless of drying time, and cohesive-adhesive mixed failure mode with fracture of 'Hollow' typed resin tags was mainly seen in the group of bonding with Choice resin cement.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dentin bonding agents on the bond strength of composite resin restorations in case of applying the dentin bonding agents to acid etched enamel surfaces. Freshly extracted 364 bovine anterior teeth were selected as a adherents. 320 enamel specimens were divided into two groups(unetched group (1) and etched group (2) for testing the shear bond strength, 40 specimens were used for the hardness testing, and 4 specimens of rest were to observe the resin-tag formation into etched enamel surfaces. All surfaces of enamel specimens were polished with 320~1500 SiC paper under continuous running water. In Group (1), 100 enamel specimens were polished and unetched. 220 polished enamel specimens in Group (2) were etched with 37 % phosphoric acid solution for 60 seconds, washed with water for 20 seconds, and dried with a light air pressure for 60 seconds. Three kinds of dentin bonding agents(Gluma, Prisma, Scotchbond 2) were evaluated the effect on the bond strength to conditioned enamel surfaces. Shear bond strengths were measured on the three cases such as a coating of primer only, a coating of sealer only, and a sequential coating of primer and sealer to acid etched enamel surfaces were compared with the bond strengths measured by the coating of enamel bonding agent followed by the bonding of composite resin (Photo clearfil bright, Kuraray, Japan) to unetched and acid etched enamel surfaces. In addition, the hardness tested on the adhesive fractured surface between composite resin enamel as a mean of evaluation of a factor whether the mechanical bond strengths were affected and the penetration of dentin bonding agents into etched enamel surfaces was also observed. Bond strengths were measured using the method of shear bond strength by a universal testing machine (Instron-4467, USA), statistical test were applied to the results using a one way analysis variance(ANOVA), and hardness was measured by the Vicker's Hardness Tester(MHT-i, Matsuzawa, Japan) and the penetration of the resins were observed by the SEM (Hitachi, S-2300, Japan). The following conclusions were drawn; 1. Enamel bonding agent showed to affect the improvement of bond strength of composite resin to enamel surface both unetched and etched. 2. Dentin bonding agents could be resulted in increase of bond strength to unetched enamel surface, but there were no statistical significances. 3. Bond strengths to etched enamel surface were significantly decreased with a coating of dentin primer only. 4. Coating of sealer only and coating of primer and sealer noticed the similar bond strengths of composite resin to etched enamel using the enamel bonding agents. 5. The applying method proved to be more effective than the kinds of dentin bonding agents on the bond strength of composite resin to etched enamel than the kind of dentin. 6. Vicker's hardness numbers of dentin bonding agents were lower than that of composite resin, but the degree of penetration of dentin bonding agents into etched enamel surfaces was excellent.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.429-446
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• 1994

이 연구의 목적은 spreader를 전기적으로 가열, 냉각시킬 수 있는 Endotec을 이용하여 가온 측방가압 근관충전한 근관에서 근단공을 통한 누출의 정도를 정선적 및 정량적으로 측정하여 근관폐쇄효과를 평가하는데 있다. 발거된 단근치 140개를 4개군으로 나누어 45번 file 크기까지 근관형성하고, sealer를 사용한 측방가압법 및 가온 측방가압법, sealer를 사용 않은 가온 측방가압법 및 고온 용융 gutta-percha 주입법으로 근관충전하고 2% methylene blue 용액에 24시간 경과시킨 다음 색소침투 정도를 정선적 및 정량적으로 측정하였다. Sealer를 사용한 가온 측방가압 충전법은 sealer를 사용한 측방가압법 보다 정선적 및 정량적 측정 모두에서 색소침투는 적게 나타났으나 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. Sealer를 사용한 가온 측방가압 충전법은 sealer를 사용 않은 가온 측방가압 충전법 및 고온용융 gutta-percha 주입 충전법 보다 정선적 및 정량적 측정 모두에서 유의성 있게 적은 색소침투를 보였다 (p<0.05). 가온 측방가압 근관충전법의 근관폐쇄효과가 우수하였다는 증거는 통계학적으로 검증되지 않았다. 정선적 측정치와 정량적 측정치 사이에는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(r=0.4459, p<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.273-284
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 흰 쥐(rat)를 이용하여 미성숙 단계의 치아를 발치 후 즉시 재식 하였을 때 나타나는 치수의 치유 양상을 조직학적으로 관찰하고자 하는 것이다. 생후 4주된 암컷 Sprague-Dawley 계 흰쥐의 상악 우측 제1대구치를 발거 후 원래의 치조골와 내로 위치시켰다. 재식 후 3일째부터 국소적으로 치수 내 염증 소견이 관찰되었으나, 치근 부위에서는 이미 치수의 재혈관화 및 치유가 진행되고 있는 소견이 관찰되었다. 재식 후 5일째부터는 odontoblast-like cell이 관찰되기 시작하였다. 삼차 상아질의 형성은 재식 후 1주째부터 관찰되기 시작하였으며, 2주째부터는 확실히 관찰할 수 있었다. Odontoblast-like cell 및 삼차상아질 형성은 4주째까지도 계속 관찰되었다. 재식 후 4주째에는 bone-like tissue 및 cementum-like tissue이 형성되었음을 관찰하였다. 본 실험을 통하여 흰 쥐 치아 재식 시 석회화 과정은 초기에는 삼차상아질 침착에 의해서 진행되나, 시간이 경과하면서 점차 bone-like tissue 또는 cementum-like tissue가 차지하는 비율이 증가하는 것을 관찰하였다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.46-57
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• 1990

초음파진동과 열을 이용하는 초음파 금관충전법의 근관페쇄효과를 연구하기 위하여 색소회복법(dye recovery method)에 기초한 분광광도계 측정법으로 근단공 누출정도를 정량적으로 측정하였다. 발거된 상하악 중절치 및 측절치에서 치관을 절제한 120개의 치근에 재래식 방법으로 근관형성을 하고 측방가압법, McSpadden 근관충전법 및 초음파 근관충전법으로 근관을 충전한 후 $37^{\circ}C$ 항온기내에서 2% methylene blue에 10일간 침지시킨 다음 색소용출을 위해 60% 질산에 용해시키고 색소회복법에 의한 분광광도계 측정을 시행한 후 검량선에 의한 누출량을 산출하여 통계학적으로 상호비교 하였다. 초음파 근관충전법의 색소침투량은 sealer 사용유무와는 관계없이 측방가압충전법과 유사하게 나타났고 McSpadden 충전법은 측방가압법보다 색소 침투량이 더 많이 나타났다. 측방가압풍전법과 초음파 근관충전법에서는 sealer를 병용시 근관폐쇄효과는 양호하였으나, McSpadden 근관충전법에서는 sealer 사용유무에 따른 근관폐쇄효파는 별 차이가 없었다.