• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Momordica charantia (MC) have been used in various parts of the world to treat diabetes. Despite the highest effects of phytochemicals than any other part of the plant, the main components of seed of MC grown in Korea and their properties have not been studied extensively. METHODS AND RESULTS: The seeds of MC were extracted into five different polarity solvents: 30%, 50%, 70%, 95% ethanol and distilled water. The 95% ethanol extract showed the most potent inhibition ($IC_{50}=88.7{\mu}g/mL$) against ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. To investigate the compounds responsible for this effect, activity guided fractionation of MC seeds by chromatography yielded two phytochemicals which were confirmed as vicine (1) and ${\alpha}$-eleostearic acid (2) based on their NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopic data. Among them, ${\alpha}$-eleostearic acid (2) possessed potent ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities with $IC_{50}$ values from $32.4{\mu}g/mL$. CONCLUSION: Collectively, the results from this present study strongly suggest that both extract and ${\alpha}$-eleostearic acid (2) have potent ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, ${\alpha}$-eleostearic acid (2) as the most active ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor was proven to be present in high quantities in the MC seeds by a HPLC chromatogram.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 2018

Roasting process of grains modifies their physicochemical characteristics that affect flavor, color, taste, and textures, as well as composition of bioactive compounds. We roasted oats at different temperatures (150, 200, and $250^{\circ}C$) and for different time periods (15 and 30 min). The polyphenol and flavonoid contents in different solvent extracts (methanol, fermented ethanol, and water) were also investigated. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest in the methanolic extract (135 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 29 mg catechin equivalent/g, respectively, at $250^{\circ}C/30min$ roasting) and increased with roasting time and temperature. In addition, the avenanthramides were most abundant as accessed ($266{\mu}g/g$) in the methanolic extract upon roasting at $200^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. The radical scavenging activities, using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid scavenging, increased with roasting temperature and time. The roasting process may modify the physicochemical structure of oats, thereby, improving polyphenol extraction and antioxidant activity. The results of this study could be used for the manufacture of foods using roasted oats.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2019

Background: Camellia sinensis L.(CS) is a perennial evergreen species of plant whose leaves are used to produce tea. In this plant species, the parts used are the leaves, sub-branch parts are thrown out. Methods and Results: Ethanol extract of sub-branch parts was used for isolation of major compounds by column chromatography. Structures were identified as caffeine (1), (-)-epicatechin (2) and (-)-epicatechin gallate (3) by interpretation of spectroscopic analysis, including $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to compare the quantitative level of marker compounds in various extraction solvents of sub-branch parts of CS. The content of caffeine, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin gallate in 30% ethanol extract showed higher value with $3.28{\pm}0.57mg/g$, $5.53{\pm}0.88mg/g$, and $1.29{\pm}0.24mg/g$, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicated that not only leaves parts but also sub-branch, could be a good source for the functional material and pharmaceutical industry.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.296-303
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• 2021

The antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of water, 30, 70, and 100% ethanol extracts of leaves of three different species of bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra, P. bambusoides, and Sasa borealis) were investigated. The levels of total polyphenol and flavonoid were measured, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using various antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglial cell activation was used to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory properties of the bamboo leaf extracts. Treatment with both aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed no cytotoxicity in BV-2 microglial cells. Pre-treatment of BV-2 cells with bamboo leaf extracts significantly inhibited LPS-induced excessive production of nitric oxide in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, phytochemical analysis based on the extraction solvent showed that caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and tricin are the principal constituents of all three bamboo leaf extracts. Therefore, our findings suggest that bamboo leaf extract contains potent antioxidants and anti-neuroinflammatory compounds that can be used as potential therapeutic agents for the treat neuroinflammatory diseases.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.61-65
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• 2021

Root-knot disease caused by Meloidogyne incognita is major soil pathogen and cause severe economic damages to vegetable crops. In this study, we selected rhizobacteria for biocontrol of the root-knot nematode, M. incognita, and identified; performed bioassay of the bacterial extracts in cucumber seedlings. The crude extracts of strains CT16 and JC05 out of 180 strains inhibited egg hatching and increased juvenile mortality in vitro assay; based on 16S rRNA sequences analysis, the two strains were identified as Bacillus sp. CT16, and Neobacillus sp. JC05. After extracting the bacterial supernatants by using various organic solvents, n-butanol and n-hexane extracts of strain CT16 and n-butanol extract of strain JC05 showed inhibitory activity of egg hatching depending on concentrations. Subsequently, n-butanol extracts of two strains significantly suppressed formation of egg masses in cucumber seedling. Therefore, these results indicated that strains CT16 and JC05 could be used as potential biocontrol agents against M. incognita.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2023

The goal of this study was to identify new bioactive peptides in extracts derived from Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae for the development of functional foods. After extraction from freeze-dried T. molitor larvae with various solvents on time course, the extracts showed the highest 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity at 5 and 10 hr per total protein and solid contents, respectively. When the water extract was fractionated, a high methanol concentration led to a reduced level of high-molecular-weight proteins in the centrifugal supernatant, whereas increased DPPH activity in the supernatants suggests low-molecular-weight peptides may mediate antioxidant activity in the supernatant. Most of the organic solvent partitions, excluding butanol, showed similar activities in the water phases, and the organic solvent partition fraction exhibited a 28~44% decrease in activity following heat treatment, implying that some components in the fraction become unstable in the presence of heat. The addition of proteinase K to the water extract increased DPPH activity by 10~20%, suggesting that peptides, when released from total proteins, partially increase antioxidant activity. Therefore, we suggest that the antioxidants in T. molitor larval extracts make them a potential source of functional animal food.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2024

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant effects and active ingredients of Gynura Procumbens extracts obtained through various extraction methods for the development of natural-based cosmetics and pharmaceutical materials. The contents of compounds, total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid were compared at different concentrations, revealing the highest content of active ingredients in the 100% ethanol extract. Antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays showed a concentration-dependent increase in antioxidant activity with the ethanol concentration. Additionally, we validated the DNA damage inhibition and anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura Procumbens extracts through UVB irradiation on Hs68 cell models. The 100% ethanol extract demonstrated significant inhibition of the expression of p-p53, γ-H2AX, iNOS, and COX-2 induced by UVB, indicating its potential in alleviating photodamage effects. Consequently, the efficient extraction of Gynura Procumbens for skin functional material development was confirmed, suggesting the suitability of ethanol or alcohol-based solvents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2004

Changes in quality properties of Kochujang prepared with Paecilomyces japonica powder and extract using different solvents were investigated during 90 days of fermentation at $20^{\circ}C$. Although moisture contents were not significantly different, pH of P. japonica-added Kochujang was lower than that of control group without P. japonica, and decreased with increasing fermentation time. Amino nitrogen content increased up to 60 days of fermentation and decreased slightly after 90 days, with that of P. japonica-added Kochujang showing highest on 30 and 60 days at 179.2 and 282.2 mg%, respectively, higher than control gruup. L, a, and b values decreased in proportion to fermentation period, with P. japonica-added Kochujang, particularly P. japonica powder-added Kochujang, lower than those of control g개up. Sensory evaluation test showed color of control group was 'clear red', whereas that of P. japonica powder-added Kochujang was 'dark reddish brown' and P. japonica extract-added Kochujang was darker than control group; consumer preference for dark color was low, Textures of all samples were 'glossy and smooth', showing high consumer preference. Salt content of P. japonica-added Kochujang was higher than that of control group, with P. japonica extract-added Kochujang higher than that made with powder Hot taste or P. japonica-added Kochujang was weaker, whereas its flavor higher, than control group, with P. japonica powder-added Kochujang showing highest flavor score. Overall preference was higher for P. japonica-added Kochujang than control group, with P. japonica water extract-added Kochujang showing the highest score.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.938-947
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• 2016

Antioxidant activities and neuroprotective effects of ethyl acetate fraction from Dendropanax morbifera (EFDM) against high glucose-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity were investigated to confirm their physiological activities. An 80% ethanolic extract of D. morbifera showed the highest contents of total phenolic compounds as well as 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities. The extract was fractionated using several solvents, and the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest activities in ferric reducing/antioxidant power and malondialdehyde inhibitory assays. To evaluate the neuroprotective effect based on antioxidant activities, cell viability was assessed using PC12 and MC-IXC cells in $H_2O_2$- and high glucose-induced cytotoxic assays, respectively. EFDM evidently showed neuroprotective effects in all cells (neuron-like PC12 cells and human brain-originated neuroblastoma MC-IXC cells). Inhibitory effect of the extract on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as an acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzyme was performed to examine the effect on cognitive function. EFDM presented an AChE inhibitory effect. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the major phenolic compound of EFDM is probably a rutin.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.114-120
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• 2006

Anti-diabetic effects of extracts and fractions of Sasa borealis (SB), white lotus roots (LR) and leaves (LL), and their mixture were determined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Min6 cells by investigating insulin-sensitizing activity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, respectively. SB, LR, LL, and mixture of SB, LR, and LL (3 : 2 : 3) were extracted using 70% ethanol, and m mixture extract was fractionated by XAD-4 column chromatography with serial mixture solvents of methanol and water. Fractional extractions were utilized for anti-diabetic effect assay. SB and LR extracts increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, but not as much as mixture of SB, LR, and LL. Significant insulin-sensitizing activities of 20 and 80% methanol fractions of SB, LR, and LL mixture extract were observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, giving 0.5 or $5\;{\mu}g/mL$ each fraction with 0.2 nM insulin to attain glucose uptake level similar to that attained by 10 nM insulin alone. Similar to pioglitazone, peroxisome proliferators-activated $receptor-{\gamma}\;(PPAR-{\gamma})$ agonist, 20 and 80% methanol fractions increased adipocytes by stimulating differentiation from fibroblasts and triglyceride synthesis. LL extract and 20, 60, and 80% methanol fractions of the mixture suppressed ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity, but did not modulate insulin secretion capacity of Min6 cells in both low and high glucose media. These data suggest 20 and 80% methanol tractions contain potential insulin sensitizers with functions similar to that of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ agonist. Crude extract of SB, LR, and LL mixture possibly improves glucose utilization by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and inhibiting carbohydrate digestion without affecting insulin secretion in vivo.