• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 1989

To formulate the stable preparation of Gingko extract injection and to evaluate the stability of the preparation, Gingko extract aqueous solutions having various pH values were prepared and the stability of ginskoflavonglycoside (GFG) was investlfated by high performance liquid chromatography. The stability of GFG decreased as pH increased, while the water solubility of Gingko extract decreased as pH decreased. The optimal pH of the Gingko extract aqueous solution was found to be pH 6.5. The shelf life $(T_{90%})$ of the Gingko extract aqueous solution of pH 6.5 at $20^{\circ}C$ was extrapolated to be four years.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.720-723
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• 2001

The effect of long-term storage on garlic antibacterial activity was investigated. A concentration of 5% or more garlic was found to be necessary to completely inhibit Eschrichia coli growth in tryptic soy broth. This value is substantially higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1% for E. coli reported previously. pH-modified garlic extract was stored at different temperatures to investigate the impact of storage conditions (i.e., temperature, pH, period of storage) on the stability of the antibacterial activity of the garlic extract used against E. coli B34. The antibacterial effectiveness of the garlic extract against E. coli remained stable when both the storage temperature and the pH of the extract were kept low. When the garlic extract was stored at $40^{\circ}C and above, most or all of the garlic antibacterial activity disappeared after a 24-h storage period, regardless of the storage pH. The antibacterial activity was weakened when the pH of the garlic extract was adjusted to 8, and at low temperatures.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.109-113
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate antioxidative and nitrite scavenging activities of extracts of Cordyceps militaris. Fruiting body and mycelia of artificially cultivated Cordyceps militaris were extracted with water and 70% ethanol. In Cordyceps militaris mycelia, electron donating ability (EDA) of water extract ranged from 37% to 47% and ethanol extract ranged from 57% to 70% at 300∼1,000 ppm. In Cordyceps militaris fruiting body, EDA of water extract and ethanol extract were similar, ranged from 19% to 48% at 300-1,000 ppm. Nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) of extracts measured at various pH (1.2, 3.0, 4.2, 6.0) was the highest at pH 1.2 and decreased with increasing pH, suggesting it is pH dependent. In Cordyceps militaris mycelia, NSA of water extract 1,000 ppm was 23% and that of ethanol extract 1,000 ppm was 37% at pH 17. In Cordyceps militaris fruiting body, NSA of water extract 1,000 ppd was 12% and that of ethanol extract 1,000 ppm was 37% at pH 1.2. EDA and NSA of Cordyceps milituis were higher in extract of mycelia than fruiting beds and higher in ethanol extract than water extract of each part.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.248-252
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• 2002

Mugwort and pine needle were extracted with water and 70% ethanol. Electron donating ability(EDA) of extracts were ranged from 50% to 57% in mugwort water extract(MGW) and ranged from 51% to 64% in mugwort ethanol extract(MGE) at 300-1,000ppm. EDA of extracts were ranged from 52% to 60% in pine needle water extract(PNW) and ranged from 68% 71% in pine needle ethanol extract(PNE) at 100-500ppm. EDA of PNW was 70% and that of PNE was 77% at 1,00(ppm. Nitrite scavenging ability(NSA) of extracts measured at various pH(1.2, 3.0, 4.2, 6.0) was the highest in all extracts at pH 1.2 and decreased with increasing pH, suggesting it is pH dependent. NSA of mugwort extracts at 1,000ppm, water extract was 37% and ethanol extract was 27% at pH 1.2. NSA of pine needle extracts at 1,000ppm, water extract was 65%and ethanol extract was 53% at pH 1.2. EDA and NSA of pine needle extracts were higher than mugwort in both of water and ethanol extract. EDA of ethanol extracts were higher than water extracts while NSA of water extracts were higher than ethanol extracts in both of mugwort and pine needle.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.328-332
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify the protective effect of Codonopis pilosula extract on cell death induced by $H_2O_2$ in SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells. We measured the antioxidant effect by DPPH radical scavenging analysis, BSA analyssis and examined the cell viability by crystal violet and cytochrome C, Bax, Bcl-2, p53, p21 by using Western blot analysis. Codonopis pilosula extract scavenged DPPH radical in a dose-dependent manner and shown direct free radical scavenging effect, suggested that Codonopis pilosula extract have antioxidant effect in vitro. Treatment of cells with hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species, was to induce cell death and pretreatment with Codonopis pilosula extract attenuated the occurrence of $H_2O_2-induced$ cell death. To elucidate the protective mechanisms of action of Codonopis pilosula extract, Western blot analyses for Bcl-2 and Bax expression and cytochrome c release were carried out. Pretreatment with Codonopis pilosula extract induced the expression of Bcl-2 and suppressed the release of cytochrome c and Bax into the cytosol, thereby arresting $H_2O_2-induced$ apoptotic cell death. Especially p21 and p53 were decreased prior to $H_2O_2$ treatment. These results suggest that Codonopis pilosula extract is associated with the cell cycle and anti-apoptotic cell death.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.628-632
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect and its mechanism on Radix Aconiti(RA) extract in lung cancer cell lines. RA extract treatment decreased the cell viability in a dose-dependent fashions in lung cancer cells including A549, H460, H23 and H157 cells. Many investigators reported that A549 and H460 cells expressed wild-type p53, but H23 and H157 cells preserved mutated p53. After treatment with RA extract in A549 and H460 cells, we measured the expression of p53 protein levels using Western blot. analysis. In both cells treated with RA extracts, p53 protein expressions were increased in a dose-dependent manner. In our experiments, RA extracts also have cytotoxic effects in H23 and H157, which have mutated p53. Treatment with RA extract decreased bcl-2 protein expressions in both cells. These results suggest that RA extracts have cytotoxic effects via p53 expression increase and bcl-2 inhibitable pathways in A549, H460 cells and H23, H157 cells, respectively.

• The Journal of Traditional Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.106-112
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect and its mechanism on Radix Aconiti(RA) extract in lung cancer cell lines. RA extract treatment decreased the cell viability in a dose-dependent fashions in lung cancer cells including A549, H460, H23 and H157 cells. Many investigators reported that A549 and H460 cells expressed wild-type p53, but H23 and H157 cells preserved mutated p53. After treatment with RA extract in A549 and H460 cells, we measured the expression of p53 protein levels using Western blot. analysis. In both cells treated with RA extracts, p53 protein expressions were increased in a dose-dependent manner. In our experiments, RA extracts also have cytotoxic effects in H23 and H157, which have mutated p53. Treatment with RA extract decreased bcl-2 protein expressions in both cells. These results suggest that RA extracts have cytotoxic effects via p53 expression increase and bcl-2 inhibitable pathways in A549, H460 cells and H23, H157 cells, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to establish the standard of quality evaluation in peony root (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) cultivated in Korea. The contents of extract and changes of extract pH in peony root with different root ages, cultivars and drying method were investigated. The contents of extract and changes of extract pH in peony root with the removed and the unremoved cork layer showed no difference among different root ages. On the other hand, the contents of extract in the root with the unremoved cork layer which was two- to four-year-old, were higher by 3.7 to 9.2% than those in the root with removed cork layer. This suggests that cork layer might be a good source of extracts. The contents of extract in root of Youngchonjakyak in both the removed and the unremoved cork layer were 36% and 30%, respectively and were higher than of Euisungjakyak and Jomjakyak, but the extract pH was not significantly different among three cultivars which were four-year-old. It showed that the contents of extract and the changes of extract pH in peony root with the removed and the unremoved cork layer of Euisungjakyak, which being four-year-old, showed clear difference at various drying methods. Among the different drying methods, it showed that the contents of extract of that with unremoved cork layer in the room temperature drying method was 32.8%, and that of root with the removed cork layer in the $80^{\circ}C$ hot water treatment drying method was 28.1% which were the highest values, respectively. The pH of extract in freeze drying was the highest (about 5.1), and the $80^{\circ}C$ hot water treatment drying showed the lowest (about 3.7).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1139-1146
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• 2008

To investigate the functional properties and the antioxidant effect of pine needle(Pinus densiflora), the pine needle extract was obtained with methanol and its functionality was measured by spectrophotometric method, and the antioxidant experiment on soybean oil was carried out by the active oxygen method. The extraction yield of pine needle with 99% methanol was about 19%, the total flavonoid content of the pine needle-methanol extract was 11.32 mg/g on dry basis and the superoxide dismutase-like activity was 94.3%. The nitrite scavenging ability of the extract was pH dependent with the values of 77.44% at pH 1.2, 48.45% at pH 3.0 and 11.04% at pH 6.0, respectively. The peroxide value was 92.6 meq/kg at 5% dosage, 138.4 meq/kg at 2% dosage of the extract on 8 oxidation days. The period of the peroxide value to be 100 mg/kg was 4.9, 6.3 and 8.5 days at control, 2% and 5% dosage of extract, respectively. And the relative antioxidant effectiveness of the extract was 27.9% and 72.3% increase at 2% and 5% dosage, respectively, compared to control. The thiobarbituric acid value showed few differences within 4 oxidation days, but with the dosage of the extract it fairly decreased with considerable antioxidant effect to control above 4 days.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.162-166
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• 1997

This study investigated the antigenotoxic effects of Synurus deltoides extract on the mutagenesis induced by benzo[a]pyene(B[a]P). About 80% and 90% antimutagenic effects were observed in the presence of over 200$\mu\textrm{g}$/plate of methanol extract of Synurus deltoides against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 induced by B[a]P, respectively. The methanol extract itself did not induce an increased frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes(MNPCE) irrespective of the sampling time(up to 72h), while the treatment with benzo[a]pyrene(B[a]P) at 150mg/kg significantly increased (p<0.05) the incidence of MNPCE. The strongest relative frequency of MNPCE was observed at 36h after injection of B[a]P and the most significant reduction (p<0.05) in the frequencies of MNPCE was occurred at the feeding of the methanol extract to mice 12 h before injection of B[a]P. The most significant reduction (p<0.05) with 48% was observed in the frequencies of MNPCE when 50 mg/kg of the methanol extract was given to the mice 12h before injection of B[a]P, while the strongest relative frequency inhibition was 54% at the multiple feeding of 5mg/kg of the methanol extract e time every day for 5 days on th frequencies of MNPCE induced by 150 mg/kg of B[a]P. These results indicate that the methanol extract of Synurus deltoides have a strong modulatory effect on benzo[a]pyrene induced MNPCE.