• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2001

Performance analysis is conducted on an axial-type turbine which is used for fire extinction by injecting water or steam into the turbine. Loss models developed by Hacker and Okapuu are applied for predicting the performance of turbine. Pressure loss generated through a turbine is converted to the thermal efficiency, and thermal and gas properties are calculated within a turbine passage. Total-to-total efficiency, total-to-static efficiency, static temperature at the exit of turbine, output power, flow coefficient, blade loading coefficient, and expansion ratio are predicted with changing the amount of injected steam and the rotational speed. The 74 kW class gas turbine developed at KIMM is chosen for performance analysis. The 74 kW class turbine consists of 1 stage like a current developing gas turbine for fire extinction. Water or steam is injected at the end of combustor, and results show that efficiency and output power are dependent on the temperature of injected water or steam and the static temperature at the exit is decreased.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2004

This paper deals with an experimental study on the dynamical characteristics of ship motion during trawling job on the real sea. The experiments were carried out on the small stern trawler, and roll and pitch motion of the ship according to the wave directions were simultaneously recorded by P/C in the same sea conditions. From these data, the statistical properties and power spectra were obtained, and then the analysis of ship motion in trwal job was made. As a result, it was found that the pitch motions in trwal job were displayed low amplitudes on the whole, but the rolling motions were displayed high amplitudes relatively, and very high value on the beam and quartering sea especially. Also, the trial ship has a high extinction coefficient in the roll motion, compared with the rule of stability, but when wave height takes 2.5m over, it can induce the safety of ship to scare occasionally. Therefore, a usefull countermeasure for the safety of ship has to be made adequately.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.632-641
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• 2018

Algal dynamics is controlled by multiple environmental factors such as flow dynamics, water temperature, trophic level, and irradiance. Underwater irradiance penetrating from the atmosphere is exponentially decreased in water column due to absorption and scattering by water molecule and suspended particles including phytoplankton. As the exponential decrease in underwater irradiance affects algal photosynthesis, regulating their spatial distribution, it is critical to understand the light extinction characteristics to find out the mechanisms of algal dynamics more systematically. Despite the significance, the recent data have been rarely reported in the main stream areas of large rivers, Korea. In this study, the euphotic depths and light extinction coefficients were determined by monitoring the vertical variation of underwater irradiance and water quality in the main channel of Nakdong River near Dodong Seowon once a week during summer of 2016. The average values of euphotic depth and light extinction coefficient were 4.0 m and $1.3m^{-1}$, respectively. The degree of light extinction increased in turbid water due to flooding, causing an approximate 50 % decrease in euphotic depth. Also, the impact was greater than the self-shading effect during the periods of cyanobacterial bloom. The individual light extinction coefficients for background, total suspended solid and algal levels, frequently used in surface water quality modeling, were determined as $0.305m^{-1}$, $0.090m^{-1}/mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, $0.013m^{-1}/{\mu}g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. The values estimated in this study were within or close to the ranges reported in literatures.

• 전자공학회논문지D
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• 제34D권6호
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• pp.50-57
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• 1997

TiO$_{2}$ tin films have been grown by MOCVD and their cahracteristics of crystallization and microstructures ahve been invetigated. Envelope mehtods are applied to the analysis of the transmission spectra to obtain the optical constants such as refractive indices and extinction coefficients for the TiO$_{2}$ thin films. The envelope methods are proved to be accurate by simulatin gthe transmission spectra. TiO$_{2}$ thin films start to crystallize at 350.deg.C and then crystallize fully into anatase phase at 400.deg.C or higher temperatures. Activation energies are obtained by plotting the deposition rate with varying the substrate temperature. It is 17.8 kcal/mol for the reaction limited regions. The refractive index and the extinction coefficient of the TiO$_{2}$ thin film at .gamma.=632.8 nm increases from 2.19 to 2.32 and decreases from 0.021 to 0.007, respectively, as the substrate temperature increases from 400 to 600.deg. C.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2007년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.935-940
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• 2007

The roughness coefficients at stage gaging station were calculated and suggested based upon figures and formulae. The results shows that roughness coefficient decreases by increasing the discharge with the exception of no change or increasing in the cases having the tall vegetation and big influence from the stream bank. As a result of the research about the water quality in streams, vegetation and aquatic organisms, the paper suggests the need for management system to protect the organisms in danger of extinction and the need for preserving the diverse species at the estuary that is located in the downstream.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.98-104
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• 2008

본 연구는 한국 남해안에 위치한 진주만에서 수온, 염분 그리고 소광계수의 시공간적 분포 특성을 파악하고 이들 환경변수가 식물플랑크톤의 군집 천이에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알기 위해 수행하였다. 조사는 2003년 4월, 7월, 10월 및 12월에 22개 정점에서 실시하였다. 수온은 10.4-$21.8^{\circ}C$로, 염분은 4.34-33.21 psu로 시 공간적으로 크게 변동하였다. 소광계수는 0.09-3.08로 만 중앙부의 일부 해역을 제외하고는 모든 해역에서 1이상의 높은 값을 보였으며, 특히 7월은 하천 하구역에서 2이상의 매우 높은 값을 나타내었다. 진주만에 출현하는 식물풀랑크톤 군집 종조성은 총 51속, 95종이었다. 식물플랑크톤은 전 관측기간에 걸쳐서 규조류가 우점하였다. 우점종은 4월에 Thalassionema nitzschioides, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira sp., 7월에는 S. costatum, Leptocylindrus danicus, 10월에는 Chaetoceros debilis, S. costatum, C. curvisetus, Pseudonitzdshia pungens 그리고, 12월에는 S. costatum, Asterionellopsis glacialis, C. debilis가 우점하였으며, 특히 S. costatum은 4계절 주요 우점종이었다. 기존의 생리학적 문헌을 고려할 때 S, costatum은 조도에 대한 친화성이 높은 광온 광염성으로 진주만과 같이 시 공간적으로 넓은 수온, 염분 분포와 높은 소광계수를 가지는 해역에서 개체군 확대에 유리한 위치에 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2008

청주 시내에 위치하고 있는 충북대학교 천문대의 교내 관측소에서 2002년부터 2007년까지 5년간 식쌍성들의 극심시각 결정을 위한 조직적인 CCD 관측이 수행되었다. 그 관측의 부산물로 우리는 2005년부터 2007년까지 CCD 영상 내에 있는 별들의 측광자료를 이용하여 백색광에 대한 1차 대기소광계수들을 결정하였고, 대기소광계수의 계절별, 년도별 변화 특성을 조사하였다. 대기소광계수를 결정하는데 사용한 관측일수는 2005년, 2006년, 그리고 2007년에 각각 57일, 51일, 그리 63일이다. 분석 결과, 2005년, 2006년, 그리고 2007년의 년도별 평균 대기소광계수와 그 표준편차는 대기질량(airmass) 당 각각 $0.^m34{\pm}0.^m18,\;0.^m38{\pm}0^m19$, 그리고 $0.^m45{\pm}0.^m20$으로, 도심에 위치하지 않은 정상적인 천문대에 비해 대기소광계수는 약 2배정도 크며, 표준편차는 약 4배정도 큰 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 대기미세 먼지농도와 대기소광계수를 비교해 본 결과, 대기미세 먼지농도와 대기소광계수가 비슷한 양상으로 변화하고 있어 두 양 사이는 강한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 보인다. 또한, 충북대학교 교내 관측소의 동쪽하늘의 소광계수가 서쪽하늘에 비하여 더 큰 것으로 나타났는데 이는 동쪽 지역이 서쪽 지역보다 더 개발되어 대기소광 공해 물질이 동쪽 하늘에 더 잔존하여 있기 때문으로 설명할 수 있다. 결론적으로 청주 지역 도심 하늘의 대기소광은 매년 $0.^m$06/airmass 정도 증가하는 추세에 있다. 이는 현재의 청주 밤하늘이 2배로 밝아지는데에 약 13년 밖에 걸리지 않는다는 것을 의미한다. 이 연구는 대기소광계수의 변화가 한 지역의 공해의 정도를 가르키는 지수로 중요하게 사용될 수 있음을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2006

방향성 결합기의 소멸비 특성 개선을 위해 입사도파로의 접근각도를 조절하는 방안의 가능성과 오차한계를 살펴보았다. 입사도파로의 접근각도가 크면 단순한 모드분석 이론의 틀에 오차를 유발하게 되지만 적절하게 조절하면 오차를 극소화하면서도 입사되는 광모드의 결합계수를 미세 조절함으로써 소멸비를 개선하는 효과가 있었다. 급격한 접근각도의 설정 시에는 비록 그 각도가 작아서 유출모드(leak mode)에 의한 손실이 있기 전이더라도 광모드의 과잉쏠림(field-profile overshooting)에 의해 각종 특성의 열화가 생기기 시작하는 것을 발견하고 그 영향을 분석하였다. 진행 광모드의 변화는 BPM(Beam Propagation Method)으로 전산 모사하였으며, 직선형 및 곡선형의 두 가지 입사도파로 구조에 대해 특성변화를 비교하여 소멸비 특성을 최적화하는 조건을 얻어내었다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2013

Crystalline silicon solar cells with $SiN_x/SiN_x$ and $SiN_x/SiO_x$ double layer anti-reflection coatings(ARC) were studied in this paper. Optimizing passivation effect and optical properties of $SiN_x$ and $SiO_x$ layer deposited by PECVD was performed prior to double layer application. When the refractive index (n) of silicon nitride was varied in range of 1.9~2.3, silicon wafer deposited with silicon nitride layer of 80 nm thickness and n= 2.2 showed the effective lifetime of $1,370{\mu}m$. Silicon nitride with n= 1.9 had the smallest extinction coefficient among these conditions. Silicon oxide layer with 110 nm thickness and n= 1.46 showed the extinction coefficient spectrum near to zero in the 300~1,100 nm region, similar to silicon nitride with n= 1.9. Thus silicon nitride with n= 1.9 and silicon oxide with n= 1.46 would be proper as the upper ARC layer with low extinction coefficient, and silicon nitride with n=2.2 as the lower layer with good passivation effect. As a result, the double layer AR coated silicon wafer showed lower surface reflection and so more light absorption, compared with $SiN_x$ single layer. With the completed solar cell with $SiN_x/SiN_x$ of n= 2.2/1.9 and $SiN_x/SiO_x$ of n= 2.2/1.46, the electrical characteristics was improved as ${\Delta}V_{oc}$= 3.7 mV, ${\Delta}_{sc}=0.11mA/cm^2$ and ${\Delta}V_{oc}$=5.2 mV, ${\Delta}J_{sc}=0.23mA/cm^2$, respectively. It led to the efficiency improvement as 0.1% and 0.23%.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.117-132
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• 1994

New methodolgies for the syntheses of unsymmetrical squarylium(SQ) dyes for organic photoconductors(OPC) were developed and photostabilities for these dyes were dicucced. These dyes absorbed at 640-690nm and exhibit high molecular extinction coefficient about 10. photodegradation rate of these dyes is acceralated in the presence if singlet oxygen sensitizer. On the other hand, the photodegradation rate os retarded by adding effective singlet oxygen quencher, such as 2:1 metal dithiolate. It is suggested that the photodegration of unsymmetrical SQ dye may be due to a photo-oxidation involving singlet oxygen.