• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.372-383
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• 1995

The staining tendency of esthetic restorative material was very important factor for the people who are great concern about the esthetics. Most external stains were superficial and adjustable by routine prophylactic procedure. But some of these stains were remained under superficial stain. Some of these stains were accumulative on external tooth surface and it's removal alter the anatomic contour of restoration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the staining tendency of esthetic restorative materials to staining solution. In this study two glass-ionomer cements (Fuji II Glass-Ionomer Cement and Fuji II LC Glass-Ionomer Cement) and three composite resins (Sil$\ddot{u}$x Plus, APH and P-50) were evaluated and compared. Total 8 disc-shaped specimens of each material (17mm diameter, Imm thick) were immersed in coffee staining solution. These specimens were divided into one control and 3 experimental groups according to the immersion period as follows : Control: immersed in distilled water during each testing period Group 1 : immersed in staining solution for 6 hours Group 2 : immersed in staining solution for 24 hours Group 3 : immersed in staining solution for 72 hours Staining tendency was evaluated by total color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) of specimen before and after staining by spectorcolorimeteric readings (ColorQUEST Spectrophotometer, U.SA.). The results were as follows : 1. The total color differences of each testing materials were increased with time. 2. Among the experimental groups, the Fuji II Glass Ionomer Cement showed the highest total color difference(6.803) and the Silux Plus showed the lowest total color difference(1.637). 3. In comparison of glass ionomer cements, the total color difference of chemical cured glass ionomer cements(6.803) were higher than light cured glass ionomer cements(3.891) (P<0.01). 4. In comparison of composite resins, the P-50 showed the highest total color difference and the Silux Plus showed the lowest total color difference, but there was not significant difference among composite resins(P>0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.31A no.10
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• pp.79-86
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• 1994

Gain-guided broad-area single quantum well separate confinement heterostructure diode lasers have been fabricated from structures grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. The active layer of the epi-structure is InGaAs emitting 962-965nm and the guiding layer GaAs. The channel width is fixed to 150${\mu}$m and the cavity length varys within the range of 300~800${\mu}$m. For uncoated LD's, the output power of 0.7W has been obtaained at a pulsed current level of 2A, which results about 60% external quantum efficiency. The threshold current density is 200A/cm$^{2}$ for the cavity lengths of 800.mu.m LD's. The stain effect upon the transparent current density has been observed. The internal quantum efficiency is expected to be 88% and the internal loss to be 18$cm^{-1}$. The beam divergence has been measured to be 7$^{\circ}$to lateral and 40$^{\circ}$to transverse direction. finally, 1.2W continuous-wave output power has been obtained at a current level of 2A for AR/HR coated LD's die-bonded on Cu heat-sink and cooled by TEC.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1247-1259
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• 2009

We investigated the toxic effects of carbaryl on early embryo development in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. To test the toxic effects, frog embryo teratogenesis assays using Xenopus were performed. Embryos were exposed to various concentrations of carbaryl ($5{\sim}320\;{\mu}M$). $LC_{100}$ for carbaryl was $320\;{\mu}M$, and the $LC_{50}$ determined by probit analysis was the concentration of $235.68\;{\mu}M$. Exposure to $160\;{\mu}M$ of carbaryl resulted in 10 different types of severe external malformations. Histological examination revealed dysplasia of the eyes, heart, guts, somatic muscle, dorsal, liver, blood vessel and swelling of the pronephric ducts. Malformation of neural tissue and brain was not severe even in the high dose of carbaryl. Benzidine blood stain showed distinct inhibition of inducing erythrocytes in embryos and animal cap explants. Electron micrographs of embryo revealed retinal detachment, loose photoreceptor lamella and the degeneration of sarcomeres in the carbaryl-treated group. The mitochondrial degeneration was also observed in the test group.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.363-372
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• 2007

T-shirt has changed into advanced and stylish outwear by new paradigm, taste of consumer, awareness of recycling, spread of subculture, DIY culture, refusal of standardization and pursuit of high quality goods, etc. The purpose of this study was to analyze aesthetic characteristics of t-shirt designs that changed into diverse designs in world fashion college since 2000. The method of this study was to analyze documentaries, fashion magazines and internet fashion site. Aesthetic characteristics of t-shirt designs were expressed in deconstruction, mixture, integration and imitation. And each of external expressions and internal meanings was as follows: First, deconstruction was expressed in partial cutwork and three dimensional texture by sewing and construction drape. It means breaking the conventional structure and break-ing the boundary of t-shirt and another item and possibility of multi-vocal analysis. Second, mixture was expressed in collage of diverse ornaments, diverse fabrics and diverse patterns. It means exceeding the limit of material, elaboratenes and high quality of handwork, reflection of self-identity, brand image, fashion trend, consumer's psychology and mind of experimentation and couture. Third, integration was expressed in extension of length, width, use and style. It means unification of functions, deconstruction of items and extension of meanings and images. Forth, imitation was expressed in stain of dye, irregular and ripped sign, cut out, rough warp, drawing and washing, etc. It means subculture, rarity value, monopolization, diversity, familiarity, yearning and uniqueness.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 1996

We investigated the effect of deep-freezed, boiled and autoclaved autogenous long bone graft on the incorporation of the radial diaphyseal reconstruction in 30 rabbits by radiogram and histology for 8 weeks. Immediate histologic changes of 1cm of resected long bone treated by deep freezing, boiling and autoclaving in each 2 rabbits were also observed as control. Resected, boiled ($95^{\circ}C$ for 5 min.) and reimplanted bone was compared with resected, autoclaved ($131^{\circ}C$ for 5 min.) and reimplanted bone, and resected, deep freezed with liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes and thawing in saline and reimplanted bone in the reconstruction of bilateral radial defects in each of 8, and in total 24 adult rabbits. The results were as follows : 1. Immediate histologic changes showed that intracortical osteocytes in lacunae were partially necrotized and the cortex were faintly stained with they Masson trichrome stain in both boiled and deep freezed groups, while they completely necrotized and their cortex stained more weakly with Masson trichrome stain in autoclaved group which means less amount of collagen and protein in cortex of long bone. 2. Radiographies at 8 weeks showed complete union with more marked incorporation and external callus formation in all boiled and freezed groups, whereas there was delayed union in four of sixteen (25%) in autoclaved group. Histologically, at 8 weeks after boiled and freezed, more intense incorporation with new bone formation and neovascularization were observed, whereas transverse clefts consisted with delayed union in 4 cases of autoclaved group (25%) were observed at osteotomy site. Through these studies, the boilod and deeply freezed bones acted as an osteoinductive material as well as osteoconductive, but the autoclaved bone only as osteoconductive. Though boilod and deeply freezed bone showed higher osteogenic potentials than autoclaved bone, the necrotizing effect on cortical and boiled bone was inferior to that of autoclaved. Thus the deeply freezed bone can be used for the treatment of aggressive benign or less malignant bone tumor not involving cortical bone, but the autoclaved bone supplemented with bone graft for the treatment of malignant bone tumor involving cortex of long bone.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.10-19
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• 2008

Objective : To investigate the effects of Radix Ophiopogon japonieus on atopic dermatitis, I prepared DNCB(2,4-dinitrochlorobenzen) induced atopic dermatitis NC/Nga mice and observed the mice by four ways; eye observation, the number of skin behavior times, histological changes of skin and cytokine(Total IgE, IL-4, $IFN-{\gamma}$). Methods : After prepare Radix Ophiopogon japonicus extract, DNCB induced atopic dermatitis NC/Nga mice were divided into three groups. The first is Control group which was intact group. The second is Medication group which was orally medicated Radix Ophiopogon japonicus extract one time a day for consecutive 5 days. The third group is Application group which was applied Radix Ophiopogon japonicus extract externally one time a day for consecutive 5 days. After that, the effect of Radix Ophiopogon japonicus on atopic dermatitis was observed. Statistical analysis was performed by using Kmskal-Wallis test and statistical significance was set at less than 5%. Results : 1. Radix Ophiopogon japonicus showed some in both Medication group and Application At observation of skin morphologic change, effects to prevent erythema reaction on skin group. 2. At the number of scratching behavior times, Radix Ophiopogon japonicus showed an effect to decrease scratching behavior times, but there was no statistical significance among three groups. 3. At skin tissue H-E stain, Radix Ophiopogon japonicus showed an effect to prevent skin epidermal tissue damages and also showed that it could keep the skin healthy in both Medication group and Application group. Especially in Application group, the skin of mouse showed almost normal recovery. 4. At cytokines, there was no statistical significance among three groups in IgE and IL-4. But Radix Ophiopogon japonicus showed an significant effect to suppress $IFN-{\gamma}$ in both Medication group and Application group. There was no significant difference between two groups. Conclusion : Radix Ophiopogon japonicus has some effects on atopic dermatitis in both internal medication and external application.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.115-119
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• 1996

Myoepithelioma is composed exclusively of myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells are ectodermally derived contractile cells that can be routinely identified in many normal tissues having secretory function such as major and minor salivary glands, lacrimal gland and sweat gland. Tumors composed exclusively of myoepithelial cells, so-called myoepitheliomas, are rare-less than 1% of all salivary gland tumors. Grossly, these tumors are well demarcated. The external surface is smooth and may be bosselated. The cut surface is white and homogenous. Microscopically, these tumors are surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. They are composed of benign-appearing spindle- shaped and/or polygonal cells. Mitoses are rare. Frequently these tumors contain myxomatous stroma which is susceptible to alcial blue stain. Clinically, myoepitheliomas present as slow-glowing, painless masses and can not distinguished from pleomorphic adenomas. Treatment is the same as for pleomorphic adenoma, and the surgical excision should include a margin of normal tissue. Although the majority of myoepitheliomas have behaved in a beingn manner, pleomorphism and mitotic activity have been associated with local aggressiveness.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.410-417
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• 2006

The present study was aimed to compare the resorption rate and the histological change of the autogenous dermis and the artificial dermis (Terudermis$^{(R)}$) after the transplantation, and to report the clinical results of the use of Terudermis$^{(R)}$ in order to restore the soft tissue defect. Twenty mature rabbits, weighing about 2 kg, were used for the experimental study. The autogenous dermis and the Terudermis$^{(R)}$ size 1${\times}$1 cm were transplanted to the space between the external abdominal oblique muscle and the external abdominal oblique fascia of the each rabbits. They were divided into 4 groups (n=5 each) and gathered at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the transplantation. The resorption rate was calculated, and H-E stain was preformed to observe the histological changes. The chart review of the 17 patients who received Terudermis$^{(R)}$ graft to the facial soft tissue defects was conducted for the clinical study. The resorption rate at 8 weeks after the transplantation was 21.5% for the autogenous dermis, and 36.4% Terudermis$^{(R)}$. In microscopic examinations, the infiltration of the inflammatory cells and the epidermal inclusion cyst were observed in the autogenous dermis graft. The neovascularization and the progressive growth of the new fibroblast were shown in the Terudermis$^{(R)}$ graft. In clinical data of 17 patients, the size of the grafted Terudermis$^{(R)}$ was from 1.5$cm^2$ to 7.5$cm^2$ (average 3.5$cm^2$). Follow-up ranged from 5 to 25 months. Fourteen patients with cleft palate demonstrated stability of the graft and unremarkable complications. But unstability of the graft and the partial relapse were observed in three patients received the vestibuloplasty. These results indicate that Terudermis$^{(R)}$ can be available substitute of autogenous dermis because of the stability about resorption, the histocompatibility, and the unremarkable clinical complications.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2007

The augmentation of soft tissue defects is one of the critical problems in the oral and maxillofacial surgery. Various types of graft materials, both autologous and non-autologous, have been used for the augmentation of soft tissue in the facial region. However, it is not easy to choose an ideal material for soft tissue augmentation because each has its advantages and disadvantages. An ideal graft material should meet the following criteria : it should not leave a scar at the area from which it was taken; should have less likelihood of causing infection; should feel natural after implanted; and should be not absorbed. Among the materials meeting these criteria, human dermis and artificial dermis are commonly used for clinical purposes. The present study was aimed to investigate and compare the resorption rate and the histological change following the use of the autologous dermis, the human homogenous dermis $Alloderm^{(R)}$, and the artificial dermis $Terudermis^{(R)}$ to reconstruct the soft tissue defect. Twenty mature rabbits of either sex, weighing about 2 ㎏, were used. Each rabbit was transplanted with the autologous dermis, $Alloderm^{(R)}$, and $Terudermis^{(R)}$ size $1{\times}1-cm$ at the space between the external abdominal oblique muscle and the external abdominal oblique fascia. They were then divided into 4 groups (n=5 each) according to the time elapsed after the surgery: 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The resorption rate was calculated by measuring the volume change before and after the transplantation, and H-E stain was preformed to observe the histological changes. The resorption rate after 8 weeks was 21.5% for the autologous dermis, 16.0% $Alloderm^{(R)}$, and 36.4% $Terudermis^{(R)}$, suggesting that $Alloderm^{(R)}$ is the most stable while $Terudermis^{(R)}$ is the most unstable. In microscopic examinations, the autologous dermis graft was surrounded by inflammatory cells and showed foreign body reactions. The epidermal inclusion cyst was observed in the autologous dermis graft. $Terudermis^{(R)}$ and $Alloderm^{(R)}$ demonstrated neovascularization and the progressive growth of new fibroblast. The results suggest that $Terudermis^{(R)}$ and $Alloderm^{(R)}$ can be availably for substituting the autologous dermis.