• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제41권1호
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2016

The tongue has 4 kinds of papillae, which are filiform, fungiform (FU), foliate (FO) and circumvallate papilla (CV). Tongue papillae except filiform papilla include taste buds. The papillae differ in taste sensitivities, likely due to differential expression of taste receptors. In this study, we evaluated differences in the expression levels of taste receptors in FU, FO and CV. Male DBA2 mice, 42-60 days old, were used in the study. Messenger RNAs were extracted from the murine epithelial tissues including FU, FO and CV. Cloned DNAs were synthesized by reverse transcription. Quantitative PCRs (qPCRs) were performed to determine mRNA expression levels of taste receptors. Results of qPCR revealed that the relative expression levels and patterns were different among FU, FO and CV. All three type 1 taste receptors were expressed FU, FO and CV at varying relative expression levels. All 35 kinds of type 2 taste receptors showed higher expression in FO and CV than in FU. Tas2r108 and Tas2r137 showed the two highest expression levels in all tested papillae. The differential expression levels and patterns of taste receptors among the three papillae could contribute to the different physiological sensitivities by tongue areas. Additional studies such as in situ hybridization or taste receptor cell activity recording is necessary to elucidate the functional relationship between expression levels of taste receptors and taste sensitivity.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.8-13
• /
• 1999

Hypersensitive cell death of plants during incompatible plant-pathogen interactions is one of the efficient defense mechanisms of plants against pathogen infections. For better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the plant hypersensitive response (HR), TMV-induced biotic plant cell death and CuSO4-induced abiotic plant cell death were compared in terms of expression patterns of ten different defense-related genes as molecular markers. The genes include five pathogenesis-related protein genes, two plant secondary metabolite-associated genes, two oxidative stress-related genes and one wound-inducible gene isolated from tobacco. Northern blot analyses revealed that a same set of defense-related genes was induced during both biotic and abiotic cell death but with different time and magnitude. The expression of defense-related genes in tobacco plants was temporarily coincided with the time of cell death. However, when suspension cell cultures was used to monitor the expression of defense-related genes, different patterns of the gene expression were detected. This result implies that three are common and, in addition, also different branches of signaling pathways leading to the induced expression of defense-related genes in tobacco during the pathogen- and heavy metal-induced cell death.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제34권7호
• /
• pp.727-733
• /
• 2001

The present study was conducted to identify the mechanism about the regulation of appetite by examining the expression patterns of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus of mice either fasting mouse for 24 hours or with anorexia mutant mouse. In order to investigate the patterns of expression of neurpeptide Y, immunohistochemistry was employed for measurements at the tissue level, along with the molecular biological techniques of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and dot blotting. The results of this study are as follows. The level of expression of neruopeptide Y, a neuropeptide known to enhance appetite, was shown to be lowered in the arcuate nucleus(ARC), paraventricular nucleus(PVN), lateral hypothalamic area(LHA), and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus(DMN) in both the fasting and anorexia mutant groups when measured via immunohistochemistry, a tissue-level method. RT-PCR and dot blotting, the molecular biological methods employed in this study, revealed that the level of neuropeptide Y mRNA in the entire hypothalamus was similar in the control and fasting groups and lower in the anorexia mutant group. The results of the present study showed that while the levels of expression of the neuropeptide Y in the various hypothalamic regions studied did not exhibit regular increases or decreases when measured immunohistochemically. But the entire hypothalamus via molecular biological methods showed that the changes in these levels were more definite in the anorexia mutant group than in the fasting group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권7호
• /
• pp.953-957
• /
• 2006

The eukaryotic elongation factor 1 A (EEF1A) participates in protein synthesis by forming the eEF1A GTP tRNA complex to deliver aminoacyl-tRNA to the A site of ribosomes. This study described cDNA sequences and partial genomic structure of porcine EEF1A1. The porcine EEF1A1 gene encoded a protein with 462 amino acids, which shared complete homology with human, chimpanzee and dog. The temporal expression pattern showed the diversity of EEF1A1 level in mRNA was relatively minor in prenatal embryo skeletal muscle, however, the expression decreased during aging after birth in skeletal muscle of the Chinese Tongcheng pig. The spatial expression patterns indicated that the gene expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, lung, liver, kidney, fat and spleen. In addition, we assigned the gene to porcine chromosome 1 using a radiation hybrid panel.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제21권8호
• /
• pp.28.1-28.12
• /
• 2018

Intertidal macroalgae are exposed to many abiotic stress factors, and they must regularly react to changes in their environment. We used RNA-seq to describe how Porphyra umbilicalis (Rhodophyta) changes gene expression patterns to interact with different habitats. Tissue samples were taken from a typical habitat along the open-coast of the Northwest Atlantic, as well as from a rare, atypical habitat in an estuarine tidal rapid environment. Differential gene expression analyses suggest that pathogic bacteria and viruses may be a significant factor influencing the transcriptome in the human-impacted estuarine environment, but the atypical habitat does not necessarily induce more stress in Porphyra umbilicalis growing there. We found genes related to nitrogen transport are over-expressed in tissue from the open-coastal site compared to those from the estuarine site, where environmental N levels approach hypertrophic levels. Low N levels impede growth, but high levels are toxic to cells, and we use qPCR to show this species regulates expression of a putative high-affinity $NH_4{^+}$ transporter under low and high N conditions. Differences in expression of this transporter in these habitats appear to be inherited from parent to offspring and have general implications for adaptation to habitat in other species that are capable of asexual reproduction, as well as more specific implications for this species' use in aquaculture.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.135-144
• /
• 2012

Since Seoul was selected as the world design capital at the end of 2007, the endeavors to modernize the Korean unique beauty is becoming more tangible. Especially, the commercial spaces to be used by the general public and tourists have the value for study in the respect that such spaces for the national iconic images and have a large and far-reaching effect to transmit the national identity. Therefore, this study analyzed the design coordination properties in the Koreanity expression found in the modern commercial spaces. the foundation for the analysis was based on Leonard Koren's work on the arrrangement rhetoric theory, 'Arranging things(2003), and the contents of Korean expression were reviewed with professional jounals. the results are as follows: First, the design coordination properties in the Koreanity expression shown in modern commercial spaces are black-white contrast, natural materials, curved shapes, brevity, and simple beauty. Especially, some elements such as wood, traditional Korean papers, stones, mid-to-low chroma natural colors, checked patterns, and crazy patterns are used with overlapping and it is viewed that it is necessay to more aggressively seek for the disappeared traditional elements in the Korean modeling properties. Second, the concrete images of Korean expressions could be summarized as four adjective image groups, Natural, Subtitle, Gentle and Magnificent.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.351-360
• /
• 2018

The adipogenesis is a maturation process of pre-adipocyte cell into mature lipid-filled adipocyte cell. The adipogenesis begins at the late prenatal stage and continues until the early postnatal age. Because the adipogenesis and formation of adipose tissue persist during postnatal period and are precisely regulated by the action of numerous gene products, the present research was attempted to determine the expressional patterns of adipose tissue-associated genes in the rat epididymal fat pad at different postnatal ages, from 7 days to 2 years of ages, using a quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The basal expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein gamma, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1, fatty acid binding protein 4, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin at the early postnatal ages were significantly lower than those at the elderly ages, even though a fluctuation of expressional levels was observed at some ages. The lowest expressional level of delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 was detected at 44 days and 5 months of ages. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) was the highest at 44 days of age, followed by a diminished expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ at the elderly ages. These results indicate the existence of a complex regulatory mechanism(s) for expression of adipose tissueassociated genes in the rat epididymal fat during postnatal period.

• 패션비즈니스
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.41-51
• /
• 2018

Cable knitting, one of the most representative structures of knitwear has been applied to a number of knit items in a variety of expressions every season. The purpose of this study is to analyze the various types of expressions applied with cable knitting techniques to make the necessary data for planning cable knit designs. The types of cable knitting were devide into two categories which are based on the cable knitting pattern and structure. Based on the pattern, firstly, formal type is a reproduction of traditional Aran knit style and is usually applied to a practical and comfortable timeless knit product. Secondly, informal type is irregular applied to patterns and directions to highlight the dynamics of cable patterns. Thirdly, contrasting type emphasizes the cable pattern by contrasting the color of the part of the cable pattern. Fourthly, figurative type is the expression of the conceptual motifs and using the cable knit pattern itself as motif. Based on the structure, firstly, open type is to emphasize patterns and spaces by utilizing open spaces created by the intersection of cabling stitches. Secondly, decorative type is to enhance the ornamental effect of cable knitting by various methods and other subsidiary materials. Thirdly, avant-garde type is applied in various ways with exaggerated volumes or textures using the three-dimensional effects of cable knitting. Through this study, we look forward to the possibility of expressing the unique aesthetic characteristics of each of the various knitting techniques.

• 한국주거학회논문집
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.17-27
• /
• 1994

The Purpose of this study is to classify the life styles of urban residents in apartments and to find out possible correlation with their preferences on interior ambience.The selected samples were 3,000 residents from Seoul, Pusan, Kwaungju and Cheonan, and 2,750 of them were analyzed.'The results can be summarized as follows.1.The life style patterns were classified into S types, namely organized type, decoration-oriented type, self expression type, practicality-oriented type and fashion-oriented type. 2. Interior image were classified into 4 types, namely characteristic image, contemporary image, classic image and rich image.3. The interior preference was correlated with the life style patterns, such as organizd type preferred to contemporary image, decoration-oriented type preferred to rich image, self expression type preferred to classic image and practicality-oriented type preferred to characteristic type.4. The patterns of life style and the interior preference differed significantly according to the size of apartment and the age of owner.

• 복식
• /
• 제25권
• /
• pp.215-231
• /
• 1995

Semiotics is an external expression for show-ing internal meaning, and the signs express the internal meaning. The architects and the designers are very similar each other in using semiotics for expressing their desires. Histori-cally, the design similarity exists between the architecture and the fashion. In this study, the fashion designs are interpreted by using semiotics of architectural design, especially emphasizing external expression methods for representing internal desires. To express the human body's character-istics, the volume, weight support, structural simplicity, controllability and beauty of fashion were used for the fashion designs, and those characters could be found at the architec-tural patterns. Balenciaga's fashion emphasized the volume, the weigh support, the structural simplicity and the controllability, while Roberto Capucci rejected the approach of using women's body curves, but used the volume and simplicity of natures in addition to Balenciaga's heavy weight design patterns. The control and the modern dedication were used to make the simple patterns by Courreges, and then brought the Modernism to the fashion. Courreges used the cutting characters to func-tional design for expressing the structural sim-plicity.