• ETRI Journal
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.184-189
• /
• 2012

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to statistical model-based voice activity detection (VAD) that incorporates a second-order conditional maximum a posteriori (CMAP) criterion. As a technical improvement for the first-order CMAP criterion in [1], we consider both the current observation and the voice activity decision in the previous two frames to take full consideration of the interframe correlation of voice activity. This is clearly different from the previous approach [1] in that we employ the voice activity decisions in the second-order (previous two frames) CMAP, which has quadruple thresholds with an additional degree of freedom, rather than the first-order (previous single frame). Also, a soft-decision scheme is incorporated, resulting in time-varying thresholds for further performance improvement. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional CMAP-based VAD technique under various experimental conditions.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.29-35
• /
• 1990

In a attempt to find out the effects of the irradiation on the lymphatic organs of birds, a total of 40 chickens(4 week old) were selected at random and alloted to control and experimental groups. The experiments were irradiated Co-60 ${\gamma}-ray/400$ rads, and then the enzyme histochemical activity of Bursa Fabricious(BF), thymus and spleen and hematological changes were compared with those of controls for 30 days(24 hrs., 5, 10, 20 and 30 days). The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The activity of acid phosphatase(ACP) of the reticuloendothelial cells of BF, thymus and spleen and the epithelia of BF of the experiments were increased significantly from the early experimental terms and then returned to the same level of controls through the late experimental terms. 2. The activity of nonspecific esterase(NSE) of the constituent cells with exception of the lymphocytes in BF, thymus and spleen of experiments were increased significantly from the early experimental terms and then returned to the same level of control through the late experimental terms. 3. The lymphocyte percentage, total erythrocytes and homoglobin of the experiments were severely decreased from early experimental terms and then increased to the normal levels of them incontrols.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.222-230
• /
• 2010

Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn. (cucurbitaceae) is widely used in Indian folk medicine for variety of disease conditions. The aim of present study was to evaluate the antiulcer activity of 50% ethanolic extract of fruits of Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn. (TCFE) using various experimental models of gastric and duodenal ulceration in rats. Oral administration of 50% ethanolic extract of fruits of Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn. was evaluated in rats against ethanol, aspirin and pylorus ligated gastric ulcers as well as cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers. In all the models studied, the antiulcer activity of TCFE compared with that of cimetidine (100 mg/kg, p.o.), an $H_2$ receptor antagonist. TCFE showed significant antiulcer activity in ethanol-induced and aspirin-induced gastric ulcer models. In 19 h pylorus ligated rats, significant reduction in ulcer index, total acidity and pepsin activity was observed with TCFE, when compared with the control group. Mucosal defensive factors such as pH, mucin activity and gastric wall mucous content was found to be increased with TCFE. TCFE was also, afforded remarkable protection in cysteamine-induced duodenal lesions. The antiulcer activity of TCFE was comparable with that of cimetidine. Thus, TCFE possess significant antiulcer activity against both gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats. The antiulcer activity may be attributed to its cytoprotective action and inhibition of acid secretary parameters.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to comparison of trunk muscle activity during static standing position and standing position on therapeutic climbing wall of adult. Methods: Study subject is arbitrarily classified into 10 of experimental group and 10 control group among 20 of adult. Trunk activity measured as rectus abdominalis, external oblique, internal oblique, erector spinae. Control group maintains that center of gravity of trunk pass the front of shoulder, pelvis, knee and ankle on stable surface with putting legs apart more than shoulder width. Experimental group had static exercise on 4 by 3 meter, 90 degree of Therapeutic climbing wall. Starting position is that putting arms and legs apart more than shoulder width. In order to compare the effect of it between the groups, independent t-test was used. Results: According to the test result, significant difference between among rectus abdominalis, erector spinae the experimental groups. And external oblique, internal oblique muscle atvity is no significant difference experimental groups between among the control groups was observed. Conclusion: Trunk muscle activation is activated to standing position on the Therapeutic Climbing Wall more than static standing position.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.198-209
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to test effects of traditional play based physical activity program on social competence. To obtain this purpose, the following research hypotheses were established. First, experimental group will show higher level of social activity than control group. Second, experimental group will show higher level of stability than control group. Third, experimental group will show higher level of cooperation than control group. Fourth, experimental group will show higher level of hypersensitiveness than control group. Forty eight four year children participated in this study. Iowa Social Competency Scale(Preschool Form) was used to measure children's social competence. Collected data were analyzed using t-test and analysis of covariance. The results of this study showed that program was effective in improving children's socal competence. These results were discussed in relation to previous study. Finally research questions for future study were suggested with comment on limitations of this study.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.94-97
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to introduce a new in vitro method for evaluating the antimicrobial activity of toothpaste, reflecting the actual toothbrushing time and the dilution of toothpaste by salivation. We designed three experimental groups and one negative control group. The experimental groups were (1) 90 μL of toothpaste + 10 μL 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 9/10 dilution group), (2) 50 μL of toothpaste + 40 μL 1X PBS (1/2 dilution group), and (3) 25 μL of toothpaste + 65 μL 1X PBS (1/4 dilution group). During toothbrushing, saliva is continuously secreted into the oral cavity and the toothpaste concentration is diluted over time during toothbrushing. Therefore, the 1/2 and 1/4 dilution experimental groups were added. The negative control group was toothpaste diluted 20,000-fold with 1X PBS. Miracle Fresh Doctor toothpaste and Streptococcus mitis KCOM 1350, Prevotella intermedia KCOM 1107, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum KCOM 1322, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans KCOM 1306 were used as the toothpaste and target bacterial strains, respectively. The number of bacterial cells plated on agar plates in the negative control group was 1,000 CFU. If the number of colonies on the experimental group plate was less than one, the treatment was considered to have > 99.9% bactericidal activity. These results suggest that this new in vitro method for antimicrobial evaluation could be used as the standard method for testing the antimicrobial activity of toothpaste.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.15-25
• /
• 1998

The purposes of this study was to determine the effect of beach ball play in stroke patients, and to define the strategy to promote their depression, powerlessness, self-esteem, activity of daily living. The experimental design was designed non-equivalent control group, non-synchroniged design. The study method had been done by investigating the experimental group and control group through the questionnaire on 57 patients who had been in patient department in D University hospital in Pusan from January 5th 1998 to the end of February 28th, 1998. Beach ball play was carried out experimental group once per day for 10 minute's for two weeks period from Jan 1998 to Feb 1998. Data was collected before and after the experimenation. Collected data was analyzed by means of frequency, percentage, chi-square test, mean, S.D, t-test with SPSS/PC. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The 1st hypothesis : "The experimental group which received the beach ball play should be higher in depression than the control group" was supported(t=3.11, p=.003). 2. The 2nd hypothesis : "The experimental group which received the beach hall play should be higher in powerlessness than the control group" was supported(t=3.32, p=.002). 3. The 3rd hypothesis : "The experimental group which received the beach ball play should be higher in self-esteem than the control group" was not supported(t=-1.90, p=.064). 4. The 4th hypothesis : "The experimental group which received the beach ball play should be higher in activity of daily living than the control group" was not supported(t=-.47, p=.637). In conclusion, the patients who received beach ball play showed the increase in the degree of depression and powerlessness of stroke patients. So the beach ball play had been judged the nursing intervention to improve their emotional problem in stroke patients.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.407-415
• /
• 1994

Present experiments were undertaken in order to find out the most available diagnostic method for acute pancreatitis. Experimental dogs were divided into experimental group and control group. The experimental dogs were laparotomized and their pancreatic ducts were ligated for the induction of pancreatitis. The control dogs were laparotomized only for comparison. In addition to the complete blood count, serum amylase and lipase activities, serum glucose, total protein and albumin contents were measured daily for 11 days after the operation. Fecal fat droplet count by Sudan III staining and fecal trypsin activity examination by x-ray film digetion test were also undertaken daily. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Serum amylase activities of the experimental group increased to peak on the third day and returned to the preoperative values on the eighth day. 2. Serum lipase activities of the experimental group increased to peak on the first day and returned to the preopertive values within six to eight days. 3. Serum glucose contents of the experimental group showed significant increse only on the first day. 4. Serum albumin contents of the experimental group decreased significantly during the experimental period. Whereas those of the control group significantly decreased only on the first day. 5. The experimental group showed marked leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia for the first 5 or 8 days. Whereas the control group showed only neutrophilia for the first 3 days. 6. The results of fecal fat droplet count showed some diagnostic value on the third and fourth day in only one experimental dog(No 1). No significant changes in the fecal trypsin activity were noticed in all dogs. 7. Histopathologically. all dogs of experimental group showed changes of pancreatitis. However the degree of the pancreatic lesion was not pararell to the degree of the serum amylase or lipase activity changes.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.323-328
• /
• 2009

Cryotin F could be used for hydrolyzing shrimp byproducts into bioactive ingredients, which could be used as value-added products. The objective of this study was to investigate the optimum condition for antioxidative activities of the enzymatic hydrolysate produced with Cryotin F using response surface methodology with central composite rotatable design. Shrimp byproducts (shells and heads) were hydrolyzed with Cryotin F. The experimental ranges of the independent variables for 20 experimental runs were 28.2-61.8${^{\circ}C}$ reaction temperature, pH 6-10 and 0.5-5.5% enzyme concentration. The degree of hydrolysis for the reaction products was measured. Their antioxidative activities were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and Fe-chelating activity. The experimental method with central composite rotatable design was well designed to investigate the optimum condition for biofunctional ingredients with antioxidative activities using Cryotin F because of their high R2 values of 0.97 and 0.95 for DPPH-scavenging activity and Fe-chelating activity, respectively. Change in enzyme concentration did not significantly affect their antioxidative activities (p<0.05). Both DPPH scavenging activity and chelating activity against Fe for the enzyme hydrolysates were more affected by the pH of enzyme hydrolysis than by their action temperature. DPPH-scavenging activity was higher at acidic pH than alkali pH, while chelating activity against Few was inversely affected. Hydrolysate of shrimp byproducts showed high antioxidative activities depending on the treatment condition, so the optimum treatment of enzymatic hydrolysate with Cryotin F and other proteases can be applied to shrimp byproducts (shells) and other protein sources for biofunctional ingredients.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 2005

Purpose To observe the histopathological changes in the periodontal tissues of mandibular molars in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after irradiation. Materials and Methods : The male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 250 gm were divided into four groups: control, diabetes, irradiation, and diabetes- irradiation groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced in the rats by injecting streptozotocin. Rats in the control and irradiation groups were injected with citrate buffer only After 5days, the head and neck region of the rats in irradiation and diabetes-irradiation groups were irradiated with a single absorbed dose of 10Gy. All the rats were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after irradiation. The specimen including the mandibular molars were sectioned and observed using a histopathological method. Results In the diabetes group, osteoclastic activity was observed in the alveolar bone and the root throughout the period of experiment. Also, osteoblastic and fibroblastic activities were markedly decreased. In the irradiation group, the osteoclasts were observed in the alveolar bone and the dilated capillaries were increased in the early experimental phases. However, vigorous osteoblastic activity was noted in the late experimental phases. In the diabetes-irradiation group, osteoblastic activity in the alveolar bone and the root was observed in the early experimental phases. However, there were no resorption and osteoblastic activity in the alveolar bone and the root in the late experimental phases, and obvious atrophic change of fibrous tissues was noted. Conclusion : This experiment suggests that osteoblastic activity was caused by irradiation in the late experimental phases, but atrophic change of the periodontal ligament tissues was induced after irradiation in diabetic state.