• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.153-161
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• 2016

Small business start-up competition in the market has become overheated. It is effected by early retirement and unemployment, specially youth employment. It is a research on small business owners' satisfaction of SEMAS(Small Enterprise and Market Service) based on the funding policy, education and consulting program. It has surveyed 272 small business owners living Gyeongsangnam-province from January 2013 to September 2015. In addition, it analyzes some factors such as motivation, business model, item, owner's experience, sales and demographic by small business owner. Analysis results, the satisfaction of small business that uses support system is shown to be significantly related with education degree, entrepreneur motivation, and business kind is partly related. It will conduct a decision-making governor to help small business owners entered the start-up market and.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.107-124
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• 2023

As getting in 4th Industrial Revolution Times, Continuing Education Enrolled Students(CEES) trying to find loophole for jepordized current life and need job transfer have surged their interest significantly on starting new business to bring up their post career after retirement through self-improvement. Government and university have actively initiated diverse policies of promoting startup for CEES in kicking off entrepreneurship courses and programs. However, relevant main policy, 'The 2nd University Startup Education Five-Year Plan (draft)' have too chiefly focused on theoretical start-up education rather than practical courses, causing the problem of inappropriate support for implementing real startup and business (Ministry of Education, 2018). This study is brought to empirically investigate the effect of self-efficacy as perspective of the impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention and behavior to come up with problem of poor entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurship education to CEES. As to empirical research, this paper deliver on-line survey to CEES from September to October 2022, collect 207 effective feedbacks, In order to verify the reliability of the scale, the Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient (Cronbach's α) was calculated, analyzed, and measured. For hypothesis test, this paper utilize the multiple regression analysis statistical analysis method and use the SPSS 22.0 statistical processing program. Empirical results show, first, it was found that self-efficacy had a significant effect on start-up education. Second, start-up education had a significant effect on the intention to start a business of adult learners. Third, start-up education had a significant effect on the start-up behavior of adult learners. Fourth, self-efficacy had a significant effect on the intention of adult learners to start a business. Fifth, self-efficacy had a significant effect on the start-up behavior of adult learners. Sixth, self-efficacy had a mediating effect in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and adult learners' intention to start a business. Seventh, self-efficacy had a complete mediating effect in the relationship between start-up education and adult learners' start-up behavior. This paper is brought three significant implications. First, main consideration developing entrepreneurship education tools for CEES need to falls on defining potential needs of CEES as segmenting as to coming up with diversity of CEES's characteristics such as gender, age, experience, education, and occupation. Second, as to design specific entrepreneurship education program, both practical training program of utilizing CEES's career field experience benchmarking best practice startup and venture cases from domestic and global, and professional startup program of CEES initiating directly startup from ideation to develop business plan with pitching and discussing. Third, entrepreneurship education for CEES should be designed to incubate self-efficacy to enhance entrepreneurial intention of implementing entrepreneurial behavior as a real, eventually leading solid support system of self-improvement for CEES' Retirement life planning.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.398-407
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• 2021

Firefighters (who are responsible for people's safety) have one of the jobs that are expected to have problems due to aging in the workforce. An increase in the average age of firefighters can lead to serious social problems. The aim of this study is to survey firefighters in Jeollanam-do about their awareness of aging in firefighters, and to propose a plan to prepare them for aging through investigation and analysis of work problems that may occur due to an aging workforce. The survey shows that the higher the age group, the higher the awareness of aging firefighters, and the higher the total work experience and internal/external work experience, the higher the awareness of aging. As a plan to solve various problems that may arise from aging in firefighters, regular operation of physical fitness promotion programs, field work, job rotation, and managerial measures (such as a change of position to an administrative department) are prepared, and drone or robot technology is used. These solutions include the introduction of applied high-tech technologies to firefighting activities, establishment of retirement management policies, and preparation of plans to revitalize the connection to private employment. In order to maximize the applicability of the field, government institutional plans and preparations are essential.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.221-232
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• 2016

The impact of the recent small business start-up competition in the market, has become overheated. It is effected by early retirement of a generation of youth employment. This study is a study on the impact of SEMAS(Small Enterprise and Market Service) system operating of the funding system, education support programs, and consulting support system on the business performance of small business owners. It has surveyed 272 business owners, in Gyeongsangnam-province. The study includes specific support system for usage frequency and satisfaction and conducted from January 2013 to September 2015. In addition, it analyzes characteristic that motivation, business model, item, owner's experience, sales and demographic by small business owner. Analysis results, the management performance of small business that uses financial support system and consulting support system is shown to be high. But education support system is the opposite effect. As a result, the management performance is related to industry experience. Therefore education support system need to be reorganized to the support depends on the development stage. This study was conducted to help small business owners entered the start-up market and a decision-making person with a policy decision.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.73-84
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• 2019

Despite decades of work experience, workers at small- and medium-sized enterprises(SME) here have yet to make inroads into the self-employed sector that utilizes the job competency they have accumulated at work after retirement. Unlike large companies, SME do not have a proper system for improving the long-term job competency of their employees as they focus on their immediate performance. It is necessary to analyse the independent variables affecting the job competency of employees of SME to derive practical implications for the personnel of SME. In the preceding studies, there are independent variable analyses that affect job competency in specialized industries, such as health care, public officials and IT, but the analysis of workers at SME is insufficient. This study set the person-job fit and organizational justice based on the prior studies of the independent variables that affect the job competency of SME general workers as a dependent variable. The sub-variables of each variable derived knowledge, skills, experience, and desire for person-job fit, and distribution, procedural and deployment justice for organizational justice, respectively. The survey of employees of SME in Korea was conducted from February to March 2019 by Likert 5 scales, and the survey was retrieved from 323 people and analyzed in a demonstration using the SPSS and AMOS statistics package. Among the four sub-independent variables of person-job fit, knowledge, skills and experience were shown to have a significant impact on the job competency, and desire was not shown to be so. Among the three sub-independent variables of organizational justice, deployment justice has a significant impact on job competency, but distribution and procedural justices have not. Personnel managers of SME need to improve the job competency of their employees by appropriately utilizing independent variables such as knowledge, skills, experience and deployment at each stage, including recruitment, deployment, and promotion. Future job competency modeling studies are needed to overcome the limitations of this study, which fails to objectively measure job competency.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.417-433
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• 2010

Purpose: This study evaluated the manpower planning of dental technicians. Methods: Methods : Survey was conducted regarding subject's general characteristics, characteristics of dental technician's occupational view and working conditions, and reason to enter into branches of the public health enter. The survey sample consisted of 323 dental technicians (221 male/ 102 female). Survey was conducted for one month from August 1 to September 1 in 2010. Following results were obtained. Results: 1. Regarding general characteristics of the subjects, there was a slight male predilection with 68.4%. Subjects in their 40s occupied the highest proportion of 32.2%. Majority of subjects worked in the big cities (71.5%). Favored working places were dental laboratory (57.6%) and dental hospital or dental clinic (19.5%). Although no position is available in the public sector such as public health center or health care civil servant, 9.3% preferred working in the public health center. Public sector is more favored than 2-year technical colleges or dental supply and equipment companies. In respect to education, 57% of the subjects graduated college. 67.8% were married. Subjects who specialize in the porcelain or all-ceramic were 57.9%. With regard to current position, head of the dental laboratory was most common. 2. Following occupation characteristics were found. Economic reason took the highest proportion when deciding their occupation (39.9%) followed by gaining social experience (36.5%). Majority of the subjects (76.5%) wanted to work as dental technicians until their retirement. 71.5% pursuit to become a manager of the dental laboratory. 76.1% agreed on opening a dental technician position in the public health center. Regarding an authority to lead developing the dental technician position in the public sector, majority of the subject chose ministry of health and welfare (35.6%) and Korean dental technologist association (34.7%). Employment (average, 30%) and turnover rate (average, 36.5%) of dental technology college graduates ranged from 40% to 60%. Most important factors for the employment were practical experience (41.2%) and competency (34.4%). With regard to job satisfaction, so-so as 46.7% and satisfactory was 42.7% 3. In respect to the reason for opening a position in the public health center, 'It is needed to continue denture rogram for elderly patients' obtained the highest score (4.14 point). 'Institutional devices are required to open a position for dental technicians as a public healthcare provider' received high score (4.11 point). 4. Concerning the working conditions, 'professional knowledge is required' received the highest score (4.23) followed by 'too short maternity and parental leave' (4.21). 5. Relationship between general characteristics of the subjects and favor of working in the public health center was investigated. Significant differences were found according to the current and favored working area, favored occupation, education level, marital status, and specialty. Working in the public health center was favored by following subjects: working in mid- or small-sized cities (4.16 point, p<0.05); PhD degree-holder (4.59 point, p<0.01). 6. Among general characteristics of the subjects, significant difference of working conditions was found in the following factors: gender; working areas; favored working areas; favored working positions, and education level. Majority of subjects favored working in big cities and currently work in big cities although satisfaction was comparatively low (3.75 score). 7. Future plan to work in public health center was evaluated according to occupational characteristics. Subject's intention to work in the public healthcare center was significantly affected by opening of dental technician position, leading authority, average turnover rate, and factors affecting employment. Working in the public health care center was favored by the following subjects: Dental technicians who actively supported opening of the dental technician position (4.34 point, p<0.001); subjects who thought the Korean dental technologist association is responsible for the opening of positions in the public sector (4.26 point, p<0.001); and subjects who thought that attitude and character are important for the employment (p<0.001). 8. Concerning difference of working conditions according to the occupational characteristics, significant difference was demonstrated by factors such as a reason to choose to be a dental technician, work plan, pursuing position, responsible authority, average employment rate, and job satisfaction. High standard of working conditions was required in subjects who selected to be a dental technician for the leisure time after work (s.05 point, p<0.01), who planted to work until their marriage (4.25 point, p<0.001), and who pursuit to be a manager (3.98, p<0.05). 9. In respect to influence of general characteristics on the advancement to public health centers, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.068 and age affected the working condition with significant difference according to the pvalue. 10. Regarding influence of general characteristics on the advancement to public health centers, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.335 and work plan, opening of dental technician position in the public sector, and responsible authority had significant influence over the subject's intention to work in the public health center according to the p-value. 11. With regard to the influence of general characteristics on the advancement to public health centers, the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.091 and reason to choose to be a dental technician, work plan, and responsible authority significantly affected subject's working conditions. Conclusion: Korean society is becoming a super-aged society according to several statistics. As aged population is rapidly increasing, national health insurance plans to cover denture for senior citizen over 75 years old from 2012. Therefore, dental technicians are urgently needed in the public health centers all over the nation. Many subjects in this study planed to work until their retirement and recognized dental technician's expertise. Ministry of health and welfare and Korean dental technologist association should co-operate each other to prepare foundation and institutional devices for dental technicians to advance into the public health center. This will improve oral health of the population. This study showed urgency of medical facilities and services which meets increasing number of aged population and welfare of the population.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.133-159
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• 2011

This study was conducted about the various forms of downsizing in small manufacturing firms such as lay-offs, honorary retirement, wage cuts, reduction of assets, merging of organizations with similar functions. Specially the study was conducted among small manufacturing companies to investigate which factors play a role in deciding which method to use. As result, the study found out the form of downsizing varies according to the characteristics of the small manufacturing companies. In other words, it is the size and the growth form of the company which influences the form of downsizing, rather than the management experience of the company. Based on the result of the study, small firms tend to prefer form of downsizing which will have short term or immediate effect, depending on the condition of their organization. Also, this kind of slim down on workforce has positive effect on the management achievement. However, there is also a negative effect on the moral of the members of the organization and the level of concentration in the work field. Therefore, it is better for small manufacturing companies to seek other long term means to increase its' productivity and renovation in management, and avoid method which will have direct effect on the moral of the members.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.520-531
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand in depth the experiences regarding the healing of stress that takes place in the process of the job performance of fire fighting officers. For this, by having seven incumbent fire fighting officers as the subjects of the research, the individual in-depth interviews had been conducted. As a result of analyzing their experiences based on the phenomenological research method of Colaizzi, the 17 topic bundles, 5 subcategories, and 3 categories were derived. Regarding the results of the research, firstly, it appeared that the stress resulting from the job performance in the diverse processes of solving the petitions experienced as the obsessive anxiety, feeling of depression and sleep disorder, etc. Secondly, it had appeared that fire fighting officers show the strong feeling of pride and sense of calling regarding the job performance, but their dread regarding the life after the retirement was high. Thirdly, it appeared that such stress were offset and healed through the positive experiences, including the professional vocation, companionship and support by the family, etc. Because the high job stress gets developed into the continuous and complex physical problems and the emotional and psychological problems, it shows that there is a limitation to the healing with only the professional calling, companionship and support by the family. As such, for the healing of stress that takes place in the job performance by fire fighting officers and not just for the environmental improvements that are related with the job, but for the psychological and emotional support, this research arrived at the point of the suggestion that the operations of the complex and systematized supporting programs, including the strengthening of vocation and companionship, emotional support by the family etc., must be carried out.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.32
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• pp.185-213
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• 2011

This thesis is studing Kim Chi-in's Life and Confucianism-Buddhism-Taoism-Unity of Namhak lind on Jinan in Junbuk. He combined thought of Confucianism-Buddhism-Taoism and drawed up religious doctrine, after spotting internal and external troubles of nation. Kim Chi-in was influenced by Lee Un-gyu's thought of Confucianism-Buddhism-Taoism-Unity. He spoke with emphasis of Tao in doctrine through religious experience. The root of Tao originates in heaven. Although Tao was divided according to Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism for the human's aspect of thought, it is ultimately the one. In time on explaining the one, he invoked 'eum(陰)', 'yang(陽)', 'che(體)'와 'yong(用)' as concepts of Neo-Confucianism. This ididn't incline to one side of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. While he spoke with emphasis on Confucianism's ethics of 'yang' and 'yong' with Buddhism and Taoism's divine of 'eum' and 'che' as the center, he want to find pivot of thought. He especially seeked Younggamu(詠歌舞) of sing and dancing on training mind and body. This was that he let the people and scholars in retirement demand realization of Tao and aim at real virtue. The study of Kim Chi-in's thought and religion of Confucianism-Buddhism-Taoism-Unity will be an opportunity look around his identity for the traditional native thought and universality.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.423-431
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• 2017

This study analyzed the educational background, career, and post-retirement activities of notable bureaucrats employed at Chosun Railway Bureau during the Japanese colonial period in Korea. First, significantly, most railway bureaucrats were of Japanese origin, being specialized in railway operations and adjusted to occupation in a reserved organizational environment for a considerable time period. Second, the Japanese showed explicit eagerness to work at the Chosun Railway, which fitted their ideology of railway bureaucrats. In addition, almost 60% of the bureaucrat population had strong educational experience from Tokyo Imperial University, which is equal to the percentage of graduates from other institutions operating during the Japanese colonial period. Moreover, in the very early period of building the railway system, the demand for specialists was higher than for other jobs and divisions because of the railroad's complex infrastructure, which resulted in high job appointment rates. In a similar sense, based on a strong affiliation of bureaucrats with railways, the number of bureaucrats from Japanese Railway Worker's Bureau was higher initially because of bureaucrats from South Manchurian Railway Company. These changes essentially contributed to alteration of bureaucrats' awareness and created a more positive attitude regarding the Chosun Railway. In the meantime, as opposed to the Taiwan and Manchurian Railways, both Chosun Railway and the Taiwan Railway were operated in compliance with strong bureaucratic traditions.