• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 2014

Purpose: We compared the clinical manifestations of patients with tsutsugamushi disease between children and adults. Methods: From January 2003 to December 2012, 768 patients diagnosed with tsutsugamushi disease were retrospectively reviewed, and the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and complications were compared between children and adults. Results: No patterns of annual increases in the number of patients were noted in both children and adults. The higher incidences occurred in October and November respectively. By gender, male outnumbered female in children, but the opposite trend was seen in adults. By residential area, the urban distribution of children was higher than that of adults. Rashes (P =0.001) and eschar (P =0.004) were more common in children, while myalgia was more common in adults. Children had a high prevalence of anemia (P =0.041), and low incidence rates of thrombocytopenia, abnormal liver and renal function. Children yielded better results in the duration of their hospital stay and the incidence of complications (P <0.001). A comparison of the therapeutic effects of doxycycline and macrolide antibiotics, which was performed only on the children, did not reveal any significant differences. Conclusion: Compared to adults, children had higher incidence rates of male patients and more often suffered from rashes and eschar. Children yielded better results in the laboratory findings and duration of the hospital stay and complications. Therefore, when children are suspected to have tsutsugamushi disease, especially during its peak occurrence period, detailed physical examination and serological test should be performed to ensure a prompt diagnosis, and the use of macrolide antibiotics, which have fewer side effects, is expected to yield the same therapeutic effects.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.55-72
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical features of children and adolescents patients admitted to the oriental medical hospital. Methods: The study composed of 1284 inpatients aging from 0 to 19 who had been admitted in 4 oriental medical hospitals located in Daejeon and Chungcheong. Results: 1. In this study, 688 boys and 715 girls were examined, giving the ratio of 0.96:1. Average age of the children and adolescents was 11.5, and the number of inpatients has increased as getting older. 2. The percentage of children and adolescents inpatients has increased every year : 9.1% in 2005, 13.0% in 2006, 13.8% in 2007, 16.3% in 2008, 18.0% in 2009, with 22.2% in 2010, 7.8% until May 2011. The month scored the highest admittance was December and the lowest was March. 3. In systemic division, the musculoskeletal system was the most common, followed by neuromuscular system, respiratory system, digestive system, psychological system, and nervous system. 4. Most patients have admitted in acupuncture & moxibustion department, followed by oriental pediatrics, oriental rehabilitation medicine. 5. In Pediatrics, 196 boys and 166 girls were admitted. The age distribution showed that 6.4% were in infancy, 43.6% in preschool period, 30.1% in prepuberal period, 18.8% in early puberty and 1.1% in late puberty. The percentage of pediatrics inpatients has increased every year. Conclusions: More data of patients should be collated for further study. More detailed study with different kinds of diseases are expected based on this study.

• School Mathematics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to specify knowledge and skills that are expected to be learned by students worldwide at the elementary level of Mathematics. This was achieved by extracting knowledge and skills commonly expected to know and perform in elementary school level by analyzing elementary math curriculum of twelve countries that vary geographically and economically. Based on the data gathered and analyzed, the common domains extracted from this study in elementary level Mathematics include Number and Operations, Geometry, Measurement and Data. And knowledge and skills that children are expected to achieve in each domain by the end of primary school were listed. This research showed that for elementary level Mathematics, the majority of the curricula had the commonalities in Number and Operations, Geometry, Measurement and Data. Though this study had the limitations of analyzing curriculum documents open to public, this study will offer the ground for discussion on the elementary mathematics education in a global context.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.11 s.213
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• pp.141-152
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual state of Korean 'geese mothers' in New Zealand. The analysis was peformed for 66 Korean mothers, who had moved temporarily to New Zealand for their children's education. The data have been analyzed by frequencies, percentiles and content analysis. The summarized results of this study are as follows. Most of the mothers were living in New Zealand temporarily for one to three years with one or two children. They hoped that their children will gain better and wide-spread opportunities because of studying abroad. The mothers expected their children to become well prepared as internationalized persons, able to achieve a satisfying occupation with high standard abilities. New Zealand's education system and their migration were highly satisfactory in the mothers' opinions. Most of the them contacted with their husbands who remained in Korea, through e-mails and phone calls, at least once in a week. Most of their friends were Koreans. They listed differences of language, mental values, and personalities as the reasons for having a larger number of Korean friends. The communication with the friends in New Zealand were being done by phones and e-mails mainly. Although there are difficulties for them to communicate others in English, they preferred to enjoy leisure time outside other rather than stay in house. And they gave themselves positive rates on adapting to the new environment, New Zealand.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.50-56
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• 2017

The number of accidents in school zone is decreasing than before with the introduction of strengthening traffic safety policy since January 2011, but the danger still exists. The School zone sign is widely known to have much effect in protecting children from risks of traffic accidents, but design improvement is being demanded to improve a sense of safety and legibility of safety signs in School zone due to the lack of understanding on the safety signs in crosswalk and School zone. This study analyzed differences in shape and color of existing safety signs through a case analysis of traffic developed countries as America, England, Japan, and Germany and suggested improvement plans for drivers to clearly perceive the school zone. For improvement methods, this study suggested the importance of delivering definite and unified warning message for school zone to drivers by using indication sign and caution sign together, and to use yellow, a safety color, and to unify the safety sign into triangle shape that symbolizes warning and caution to conform the international standards. Actual design production and experiment through improvement plans are needed in the future, and it is expected to secure safety of children and to provide international standardization of safety signs in school zone.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.322-341
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• 2001

The family value is expected to play a crucial role in adjusting a new environment for the family, especially in the critical situation as having a child with cancer in the family. The purpose of the study was to analyze the family values of the family with cancer children in order to offer descriptive data, which will facilitate family adjustment with cancer children. The survey was conducted from July 18, 2000 to August 30, 2000 and the analysis included 309 parents of the children who have been diagnosed as cancer, 18 years of age or less, and treated either hospitalized or at the outpatient clinics. Two instruments were used to measure family value. The modified form of General family value scale was 18 items with a 5 points of Likert response format (Cronbach alpha= .78) and Family value scale was developed for the study with 12 items on a 5 points of Likert response format(Cronbach alpha= .73). The data analysis utilized SAS 6.12 for percentage, frequency, Mean, and t-test of demographic characteristics and mean, F score, ANOVA, and Duncan follow-up test of variable relationships. The study findings were as follows. 1) In General family value, the fathers gave the higher scores to 'The children should live with their parents'(M=4.01), and 'A parents and their children are like one body' (M=3.91). The item with lowest score was 'Its not impossible for man to have extramarital relationship'(M=1.92). The mothers thought the most important items were 'A parents and their children are like one body'(M=3.79), and 'A wife needs to be patient to keep harmony of the family' (M=3.56), and the item with lowest score was 'Its not impossible for man to have extramarital relationship'(M=1.44). 2) The mean scores of the mothers were higher than the fathers for all items in family value with cancer children, while fathers gave more points for items in general family value. Both of parents gave the highest score to 'The health of the family is most important to me'(M=4.85 for fathers, M=4.97 for mothers), and followed by 'The husband and wife need to be patient and understand each other to overcome the difficulties'. The item with lowest scores was 'The parents can have conflicts in making decisions since their child was sick'(M=3.34 for fathers, M=3.37 for mothers). 3) There were significant differences between fathers and mothers in items of General family value; fathers gave more points to the items of 'The children should live with their parents', 'Its essential to hold the ceremony to respect their forefathers', 'Its not impossible for man to have extramarital relationship', 'A woman with two daughters should have one more baby to succeed the generation', 'The husbands are responsible for the household economy', and 'When his mother and wife dont get along, the man should be on his mothers side'. However, there was no significant difference between fathers and mothers in items of Family value with cancer children. 4) The general family value was significantly different by the birth order of cancer children, mothers age, mothers education level, and types of payment. On the other hand, the family value with cancer children was significantly different by the age of cancer children, period of illness, period after completing treatment, family type, the number of family members, and the number of total children.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 1993

Korea fertility level has dropped since the 1960's and speed of decline has accelerated in the 1980's. In the resuls, the growth rate reached to less then 1 percent in 1990 and will be $\ulcorner$0 $\lrcorner$ percent growth in 2021. The total population will increase to 50, 586 thousand persons in 2021 then will decrease. With the rapid fertility decline the age structure of Korean population has changed : while the proportion of child population aged 0-14 is decreasing sharply, that of old-age population aged 65 and over is increasing. Because of the recent increase of sex ratio at birth, the sex structure among the young generation has been destorted; the sex ratio at age 0-4 was as high as high as 112.0 in 1990. The effects of these population phenomena on Korean society are the followings: 1) Old age dependency ratio is increasing rapidly and continuously and will be about 40.0 from the 2050's. 2) Because of the rapid decline of the number of births, the absolute number of the major labour force at age 25-34 will decrease after around 2000 and then from the 2010's become less than that in 1990. 3) Since the large fertility defferentials by womens's educational level have continued and the relation between the educational levels of mothers and children are very strong, level has dropped among higher educated women first when the average fertility level has declined in Korea, the average educational level of the children is may be expected to be relatively low and then the future productivity is will be also low, which causes the decline of 'quality of population. 4) When the high sex ratio at birth (over 110 since 1986) continues, number of brides will be short by over 20 percent from the 2010s, which will bring various kinds of social prblems. Therefore, the counter measures in concrete to relieve the heavy problems are recommended as follows: 1) The extention of the birth intervals, which helps to drop the population growth rate at the same level of number of children per women. 2) The positive supports for out-migrants, which helps to reduce the population size without any destortion of age-sex structure. 3) The defferent supports of family planning for the higher and lower classes, which helps to reduce the gaps between different ferility levels of the classes and to keep and improve the quality of population. 4)population education for both students and adults, which helps to minimize the gap between the private and public requirements.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.141-151
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to test the economic rationality hypothesis of the low fertility trap among 412 college students at 13 private universities located in Seoul. The respondents were requested to complete the self-administered questionnaire, and the hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed for analyzing the data. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, the students' views on the prospects for their future employability were 54.6% for big business, 64.51% for medium-sized business, and 49.63% for public sector. In the most employable job, the mean desired monthly salary was 3,505,400 won, while the mean expected monthly salary 2,753,600 won. Second, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the family income in parental home was positively related to youths' consumption aspirations. Finally, the gap between youths' consumption aspirations and their expected income was negatively related to their desired number of children, while not significantly related to their planned age of first child birth. Thus, the low fertility trap hypothesis was supported in terms of birth rate drop, but not supported in terms of childbearing postponement. The implications of the study results are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.8
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• pp.35-49
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• 2015

When parents and their children wear matching clothes, ranging from one item to the entire wardrobe, we call this the "family look." The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence family look clothes consumption. It was proposed that mothers' familism tendencies, playfulness, and demographic characteristics were the main factors that decided the extent of the purchase and usage of family look clothes. A survey was conducted between September 23 and 29, 2013 with mothers who have purchased and wore family look clothes. The age of the women ranged from 20s to 40s. The results showed that the number of family look items is influenced by mothers' familism tendencies and playfulness. Also the favorite family look style depended on the familism tendency, playfulness, and the age of the child(ren). The results of this study are expected to provide implications to apparel companies that produce family looks.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 1991

The farm housewive's labor has not been properly evaluated, although it has traditionally shared and devoted a substantial portion of the farm household economy. The objective of this study is to estimate the money value of rural women's labor. The data were got from the result of time analysis of farm housewives in 1988. Among the four estimation methods used in this study, the mixed approach of houskeeper replacement cost with individual function cost showed the greatest value in the decision criteria of different farming region, farming size, housewive's age, family size and children number. The opportunity cost approach showed the lowest value, however, is considered as the most appropriate estimation approach in rural situation in this study. It is expected that the appropriate estimation approach should be estimate the money value of rural housewive's labor and their economic position.