• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.654-663
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the lifestyles of food habits of college students relate to constipation. The results were as follows 1) All the total respondents were 541 college students.220 (40.8%) respondents were male and 321 (59.2%) respondents were female. Based on their BMIs, 55.5% of the female respondents were under-weight (BMI < 20), 16.8% of the male respondents were under-weight, as well. These results point out the fact that a high percentage of female college students are under-weight, compared to male of students. 2) Of the respondents, 59.0% reported having 1 or 2 meals per day, but their eating patterns were irregular. Of the respondents, 71.2% preferred white rice with their meals. Of the respondents,51.2% reported that they skipped breakfast. The main reasons why these respondents skipped breakfast were either that they were in a busy (44.7%), or it was their habit (38.4%). The response that their meals were nutritionally balanced was 34.6%, and the student who thought that their own meal pattern was healthful was 8.0%. 3) This research also focused on body image among female college students, and the results indicate that the majority of female respondents (62.5%) felt that they were overweight (very fatty or fatty) and 90.1% of the female respondents indicated they were interested in dieting (interest or very interest). Most of the students were involved in light or medium activity (94.2%) or no exercise (75.6%). The ratio of those who exercised was everyday only 33.6%.4) Of the respondents,48.7% reported that they had difficulty evacuating (every time very difficult, every time difficult and sometimes difficult) and 50.3% of the students reported that their bowel movements were irregular. 5) Of the females,8.2% and Of the males,0.5% were regarded as constipated.6) The life habit factors that influenced constipation were skipping breakfast, the amount of water intake and exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.295-306
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• 2001

The purpose of the study was to develop an internet nutritional counseling program using an expert system to assist obese people to lose weight through behavior modification. The internet counseling program for weight loss was developed by the accumulation of knowledge dealing with eating habits and exercising behaviors in expert system tool, Knowledge Engineering Agent (KEA) by a dietitian without any help of computer expert. To accumulate knowledge into KEA, survey was performed in 150 obese people, dietitians reviewed and consulted each survey case, and the consulted contents were learned and accumulated into KEA. Survey questionnaire was the same as that of the internet consulting program, and it included general characteristics, dietary habits, lifestyle, and exercise patterns related to obesity. Also, the dietitian selected proper factors inferred from the survey questionnaire of each case, and added the conclusions for them. Conclusions were made for helping clients to correct bad eating behaviors and accumulate good behaviors to lose weight. Counseling was divided into two parts; a two-week part and a daily part. Two-week counseling was performed based on 4 step questionnaires, and daily counseling was done for daily food consumption and physical activity. When clients answered survey questionnaires in a counseling internet program, the recommendations on how to eat, to exercise and to deal with stress in a real time for each case, was given. In conclusion, a counseling internet program for weight reduction can be used to give advices how to deal with obesity in a man-to-man way in a real time using KEA where nutritional knowledge based on behavior modification for weight loss was accumulated.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

This research analyzed the hematological index and health related habits such as alcohol drinking, smoking and exercise, by classifying 539 middle-aged men (age: 40 - 59) into a normal weight group, an overweight group and an obese group, according to BMI (body mass index). As a result, 33.6% (n = 181) of subjects had a BMI of 23 or less and 30.2% (n = 163) were overweight and 36.2% (n = 195) were obese (BMI > 25). The average systolic/diastolic blood pressures of total subjects were 130.96mmHg and 80.38mmHg, respectively. And the average pressure of normal subjects was 126.85/77.57mmHg, which was significantly lower than in overweight and obese subjects. Diastolic blood pressure shows significant differences among the three groups. The overall average cholesterol level of normal subjects was 193.81mg/dl, which was significantly lower than those in overweight subjects. Those in obese subjects were significantly higher than in overweight subjects. The GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), GPT (glutamic pyrutic transaminase), ${\gamma}$-GTP (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) levels of obese subjects were significantly higher than in the overweight subjects. Frequency of alcohol drinking showed no significant difference among the groups. The smoking ratio in the obese group was higher than in the normal and overweight groups. The ratio of smokers was 53.1 %, and the alcohol drinking ratio was 81.0% of the total subjects. The frequency of drinking showed significant correlations with systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressures (p < 0.01) and ${\gamma}$-GTP (p < 0.01). The duration of smoking showed a negative correlation (p < 0.01) with diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and ${\gamma}$-GTP. On the other hand, exercising frequency showed negative correlations with blood glucose, ${\gamma}$-GTP and GPT(p < 0.01). These hematological indices were correlated with health related habits such as alcohol drinking, smoking and lack of exercise, and to be the cause of chronic diseases. Therefore, proper nutritional education is needed to establish advisable health related habits to maintain proper body weight. (J Community Nutrition 8(2): 63-68, 2006)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.685-694
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• 1998

This cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the changes of plasma cardiovascular disease(CVD) risk factors in Korea. Overnight fasting plasma levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and glucose were analyzed. Blood pressure and anthropometric data were also measured. Health practice factors such as smoking status, alcohol consumption and frequency fo exercise were evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire. Questions regarding dietary habits and food preferences were also asked. Seventy eight percent of the subjects had more than one CVD risk factor. Plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and fasting blood glucose were significantly increased according to the subjects body mass index$(kg/m^2$, BMI), whereas HDL-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterol and blood pressure showed no significant differences with BMI. Current smokers had significantly high plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. Alcohol consumption significantly increased plasma total cholesterol and fasting blood sugar, but regular exercise had no effects on the plasma CVD risk factors. Overeating and frequency of fast food consumption were positively correlated with the CVD risk score, whereas intake of grains, meats and vegetables were negatively correlated with that score. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of specific dietary factors on plasma lipid levels. For plasma total cholesterol level, the frequency of fast food intake explained 8% of the variance, followed by habitual overeating, frequency of grain intake and high cholesterol food intake(Model $R^2$=22.4%). For plasma triacylglycerol level, preference of oily foods accounted for 7.5% of the variance, followed by eating breakfast, preference of fruit and frequency of grain intake(Model $R^2$=22.0%). The findings suggest that intervention programs to reduce the risk of CVD should focus on health practice through reducing BMI, smoking cessation and moderate or no alcohol drinking. Moreover, desirable dietary habits such as eating breakfast, not overeating and reduced intake of fast food may improve CVD risk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between health behavior and residence types of university students. Methods: Using a quota sampling method by gender and residence type, 364 male and female students (126 students who live in their own house (SH), 123 students who live in board themselves (SB), and 115 students who live in a dormitory (SD)) were selected from one university in Ulsan. Five categories on smoking, drinking, exercise, eating, and sleeping were used to describe health behavior of the participants. Results: Difference of smoking, drinking, eating, and sleeping habits was existed in classifications of residence types of participants. Regarding the current smoking rate, frequency of drinking, and amount of drinking, the result of SB was higher than that of SH or SD. The score of eating habit of SB was lower than that of SH or SD. SD exercised much less than SB or SH. Conclusion: To prevent aggravation of SB health habits, an education program for comprehensive health promotion is needed for university students to improve their smoking, drinking, exercise, and eating habits.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.546-553
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• 1999

This study was undertaken to develop and evaluate a nutrition education program with internet for students. A survey was conducted to find out needs for nutrition education program with 430 college or high school student in October, 1997. Eighty four point eight percent of female and 36.0% of male students had a plan to reduce their weight in a near future. Forty four point four percent of subjects obtained information about weight control from mass media, 28.6% of subjects obtained from their neighbor's recommendation. The information wanted to know were high-calorie foods, answered by 42.1% of females, and calorie expenditure of exercise, answered by 31.9% of males. The obese group showed higher preferrence to sweet foods, salty foods, hot foods, convenience foods, processed foods, animal foods, fried and oily foods, and eating-out than normal group(p<0.05). The obese group also showed a tendency of bad food habits, low intake of seaweeds, high intakes of animal fat, cholesterol-rich foods and salty foods. Amount of food intakes was inappropriate in obese group. An internet program for nutrition education was developed using the results of the survey and juvenile nutrition programs. The program consisted of 6 steps ; step 1 was to check one's physical status, step 2 was explanation about good food habits, step 3 was about food management, step 4 was methods of exercise for health, step 5 included how to maintain ideal weight, and step 6 was related-internet site. Pre-education test and post-education test was conducted to evaluate the nutrition education through internet. The score of nutrition knowledge increased from $74.2{\pm}7.4$ to $77.2{\pm}9.6.$ The score of food attitude did not change. The subjects wanted more information about nutrition from internet. Therefore, internet program of nutrition education with specific and interesting topics should be developed more.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.465-474
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits, nutritional status, and serum copper and zinc concentrations of adolescent athletes. 50 high school adolescent athletes (29 male, 21 female) took part in physical education high school and 47 high school adolescent non-athletes (21 male, 26 female) in general high school. Questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, 24-hour dietary recalls and blood analysis were conducted. In the males, the mean height, weight and body fat percents of athletes and non-athletes were 174.0/172.9 cm, 67.4/68.3 kg, and 8.9/20.0% (p<0.001) respectively. In the females, the mean height, weight and body fat percents of athletes and non-athletes were 163.7/159.3 cm (p<0.01), 58.7/55.7 kg (p<0.05), and 18.6/30.1 % (p<0.001) respectively. In both male and female athletes, intakes of animal fat were significantly higher and intakes of vitamin C were significantly lower than those of non-athletes. There was no significantly difference in zinc and copper intakes between athlete and non-athlete groups. The average serum zinc level of male athletes was significantly lower than that of male non-athlete. The average serum copper levels of male and female athletes were significantly lower than those of male and female non-athletes. Based on these results, exercise may effect on zinc and copper utilization of adolescent. Further studies on zinc and copper nutrition of adolescent athletes were needed to understand more mineral nutrition and exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to assess dietary habits of the hazardous drinkers and the heavy episodic drinkers in Korean adults. The respondents consisted of 814 adults (415 male and 399 female) who are 20~69 years of age by random selection in partial area of Gyeonggi. A self-report questionnaire was used to cover questions regarding dietary habits, drinking behavior and physical activity. Total dietary habit scores in hazardous drinker group (63.25) was significantly lower than normal drinker group (68.61) in male respondents (P<0.001). Male hazardous drinker group less eat fruit (P<0.01), eat more processed food (P<0.01) than male normal drinker group. Female hazardous drinker group doesn't eat 3 meals a day than female normal drinker group. Total dietary habit scores in heavy episodic drinker group [occasional heavy episodic drinker (62.76), frequent heavy episodic drinker (63.77)] were significantly lower than abstainer group (69.16) in male respondents (P<0.001). Male heavy episodic drinker group less eat fruit (P<0.01), eats more processed food (P<0.01), salty food (P<0.001), sugary food (P<0.05), animal fat (P<0.01) and eats out often (P<0.01) than male abstainer group. Male heavy episodic drinker group significantly less apply nutrition knowledge to their life (P<0.05) and less exercise everyday-more than 1 hour (P<0.01) than male abstainer group. In drinking behavior index, AUDIT (alcohol use disorder identification test) score was negatively correlated with age (P<0.01). There was a positive correlation between dietary habits and physical activity (P<0.01) but there was negative correlation between dietary habits and AUDIT score (P<0.01). This study highlights that AUDIT score was negatively influenced dietary habits.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

We compared the dietary behaviors and living habits of Han Children living in both China and Korea to find any influences from the different living environments. Three hundred $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ -grade children in China and two hundred thirty three $5^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ -grade children in a Chinese school in Korea were surveyed via questionnaire. Mean BMI was higher and sleeping hours were lower in the children living in Korea compared to the children living in China. Mean age and education level of the parents were higher in the children living in Korea. Most of the dietary behaviors discovered via the questionnaire showed similar tendencies in the two groups. However, in terms of skipping breakfast, deviating in food habits, snacking before sleeping, and snacking right after eating a meal, the children living in Korea showed significantly higher frequencies. Also, children living in Korea showed significantly lower frequencies of overeating, snacking while watching TV or using the computer, and eating food when stressed, than children living in China. In living habits, children living in Korea do less regular exercise and use buses or cars more frequently for short distance transportation and spend more time to watch TV or computer than the children living in China. Therefore, it seems that different living environments may somewhat influence the dietary behaviors and living habits of children even if they have the same ethnic background.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2024

This study aimed to identify the need for dietary management due to weight changes among middle-aged women in the Gwangju area during the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve this, a survey was conducted of their eating habits, dietary and lifestyle habits, alterations in food intake, and changes in menopausal symptoms. Overall, significant differences were found between dietary and lifestyle habits (p<.01) depending on the frequency of eating out. Specifically, those who eating out two to three times a week exhibited a significant increase in negative habits such as ordering delivery food and consuming instant meals. In terms of food consumption changes, those who eating out two or three times a week displayed a relatively higher increase in the consumption of non-recommended food than those who eating out once a week. Regarding changes in menopausal symptoms, individuals who eating out two to three times a week experienced a greater increase in the severity of menopausal symptoms than those who eating out once a week. In terms of dietary and lifestyle habit changes, it was found that the more frequent the exercise, the greater the overall improvement in dietary and lifestyle habits (p<.001). Moreover, women who did not experience weight gain exhibited positive changes in their dietary and lifestyle habits compared with women who experienced weight gain. The results for food consumption changes revealed that the consumption of non-recommended foods was higher in middle-aged women who experienced weight gain, particularly the consumption of meat (p<.001) and noodles (p<.05).