• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.515-523
• /
• 1998

Oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) damages cellular DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids and others causing various diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and heart diseases. 8-Hydroxyguanine (8-OHG) is one of the products formed from DNA or RNA damaged by ROS. Since high amounts of 8-OHG can be excreted in urine, it may serve as a potential biomarker indicating the level of oxidative damage to nucleic acids. Residents in industrial area with severe air pollution are expected to be affected by higher level of oxidative stress from pollutants like polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), etc. Smokers are also expected to be damaged by higher level of oxidative stress from cigarette smoke components like PAHs than non-smokers. To examine if the determination of the urinary concentration of 8-OHG could be used as exposure biomarker for the oxidative stress caused by air-pollutants, this study was performed to determine and compare the urinary concentrations of 8-OHG in smokers and non-smokers, or non-polluted area residents and polluted area residents. Urine samples were collected and purified by a strong cation exchange and cellulose partition column, then analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detector at 600 ㎷ potential. Concentrations of urinary 8-OHG in non-smokers and smokers of Seoul area college male students were determined as 15.12$\pm$9.68 (ng/mg creatinine) and 34.72$\pm$11.72 (ng/mg creatinine), respectively, showing significantly higher level of 8-OHG in smokers than in non-smokers. Urine samples of elementary school students were collected from Sokcho area, which is known to be non-polluted, and 3 representative polluted areas; Yocheon industrial area, Ulsan urban and Ulsan industrial area. The concentrations of 8-OHG in these samples were 12.42$\pm$8.27 (ng/ mg creatinine, Sokcho), 22.55$\pm$9.12 (ng/mg creatinine, Yocheon), 17.41$\pm$2.30 (ng/mg creatinine, Ulsan urban), 55.04$\pm$39.73 (ng/mg creatinine, Ulsan industrial). Thus, samples from polluted area tend to have higher level of 8-OHG and the levels of Yocheon and Ulsan industrial area were significantly higher than that of Sokcho area. The results indicate that the residents of polluted industrial area or smokers are more severely exposed to oxidative stress probably caused by air pollutants like PAHs. Thus, the determination of urinary 8-OHG concentration could be used as biomarker for the extent of body exposure to oxidative stress caused by various pollutants.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.153-160
• /
• 2007

Study for the effect of three different microbial feed additives(henceforth MA-A, MA-B, and MA-C) on feed coversion rate, and physical and chemical characteristics of swine finisher was conducted. MA-B had higher number of Lactobacillus spp. and yeast, compared to any other. The amylase activity of MA-B was also higher than any other. The daily feed intake rates of pigs fed control, MA-A, MA-B and MA-C were 3.15, 3.14, 3.31 and 3.42 kg, respectively. MA-C had the highest weight gain. However, there was no significant difference between treatments. The weights of feces daily excreted by pigs fed control, MA-A, MA-B, and MA-C were 2.14, 2.02, 2.18, and 2.23 kg/day, respectively. The volume of urine daily excreted by pigs fed control, MA-A, MA-B, and MA-C were 3.14, 3.26, 3.27, and $3.41\;{\ell}/day$, respectively. Water content, T-N, $P_{2}O_{5}$, and $K_{2}O$ in swine manure were not significantly different between treatments. The BOD were between 42,576 and $67,450\;mg/{\ell}$ for feces and were between 5,882.5 and $8,657.5\;mg/{\ell}$ for urine, respectively. The SS were between 138,000 and $180,000\;mg/{\ell}$ for feces and were between 875.0 and $1450.0mg/{\ell}$ for urine, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.319-328
• /
• 2010

This work was carried out to investigate the quantity of excreta and its composition in crossbred pigs (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace ${\times}$ Duroc) at different stages of growth. Twelve young piglets (average BW weight of $19.0{\pm}0.33kg$) were used in this study. Pigs were divided into four phases during growing time and two phases during finishing time. The average excreta production for growing pig was 3.46 kg/head/day (feces: 1.07 kg, urine: 2.39 kg). The average moisture contents of feces and urine were 70.54% and 97.39%, respectively. Contents of Calcium, Magnesium, Copper, Plumbum, and Arsenic were 1.00%, 0.26%, 10.47 mg/kg, 2.43 mg/kg, and 1.02 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration of the water pollutants like Biochemical Oxygen Demand ($BOD_5$), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solid (SS), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP), excreted from pig were 96335, 61073, 207466, 8104 and 4209 mg/L in feces and 7364, 7149, 2715, 10110 and 613 mg/L in urine at the end of test, respectively. The daily loading amount of water pollutants ($BOD_5$, COD, SS, TN, and TP, respectively) in pig excreta were 102.1, 61.8, 221.6, 8.7, and 3.9 g/head/day in feces, and 19.3, 16.7, 8.0, 22.2, and 1.3 g/head/day in urine, respectively. The Nitrogen, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$ contents in the excreta of pigs were 0.96, 0.83 and 0.42% in feces, and 0.80, 0.09 and 0.53% in urine, respectively. Finally, this work was suggested to give basic information to swine farms.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.139-154
• /
• 2008

The nearly 75% of animal feed materials used for livestock production are imported every year in Korea. Most of imported feed ingredients are concentrated feeds such as com, wheat, soybean, soybean meal, etc. and they are used as the source materials for the production of assorted feed. The imported concentrated feeds are high in nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, the consistent import of feed ingredients may cause an increase of nutrient deposit in our agricultural ecosystem. In the current review, it was discussed with the situation of the feed importation and its nutritional composition to evaluate the nutrient load by the imported feeds onto agricultural ecosystem. The nutrient load caused by imported feeds in agricultural environment was compared with the nutrient demand for crop production. The amounts of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ introduced by the imported fteds in Korea were 371, 140 and 143 Ktons. And, the N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ loads excreted from imported feeds in livestock were 148, 84 and 86 Ktons of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ and These nutrient loads by the imported feeds are at the percentage of N 52%, $P_2O_5$ 52% and $K_2O$ 42% in the comparison of total nutrient amounts excreted from livestock animals in Korea. The 82.3% of nutrients excreted from livestock was recycled to crop land as compost and liquid fertilizer, and the others were discharged to river after water treatment processing or disposed to ocean. Also, passing through the recycling process far the production of compost and liquid fertilizer, the amount of nutrients was reduced by the ammonia vaporization of livestock feces and urine. Accordingly, N 81, $P_2O_5$ 74 and $K_2O$ 76 Ktons in the nutrients excreted from livestock were estimated to be utilized in the crop land. Consequently, it was estimated that 44, 48 and 69 Ktons of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ were taken up with crops in the consideration of the ratio of mineralization, and the amounts of leached or deposited N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ in crop land were estimated to be 37, 27 and 7 Ktons, respectively. It is estimated that 12%, 34% and 48% of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ introduced by the imported feeds were used by crops, and 10%, 34% and 5% of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ were leached or deposited in agricultural ecosystem. Therefore, considering the leached and deposited amounts of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ originated from the imported feed ingredients, the consistent import of feeds may gradually increase the nutrient load onto agricultural ecosystem.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.137-142
• /
• 2006

A bioequivalence of Daewoong $Alendronate^{TM}$ (Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korea) and $Fosamax^{TM}$ tablets (MSD Korea) was evaluated according to the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). A single 70 mg dose of sodium alendronate of each medicine was administered orally to 56 healthy male volunteers. This study was performed in a $2\;{\time}\;2$ crossover design. Concentrations of alendronate in the urine were monitored by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). $A_{et}$ (cumulative urinary excreted amount from time 0 to last sampling interval) was calculated by the accumulation of the urinary excreted alendronate. $U_{max}$ (maximum urinary excretion rate) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $U_{max}$) were compiled from the urinary excretion rate - time data. Analysis of variance was performed using logarithmically transformed $A_{et}$ and $U_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters. The 90% confidence intervals of the $A_{et}$ and $U_{max}$ for Daewoong $Alendronate^{TM}/Fosamax^{TM}$ were 0.89-1.12 and 0.82-1.02, respectively. This study demonstrated the bioequivalence of Daewoong $Alendronate^{TM}$ and $Fosamax^{TM}$ with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.335-344
• /
• 1997

The absorption, distribution and excretion of $^{14}C$ labeled YH1885 {5,6-Dimethyl-2(4-fluorophenylamino)-4-(1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)pyrimidine hydroc hloride), a new proton pumpinhibitor, were investigated in rats after a single administration of $^{14}C$-YH1885. 1. After intravenous administration of 5mg/kg, the blood level of radioactivity declined in a biphasic fashion with the mean terminal elimination half-life of 12.4hr. 2. After oral administration of 20mg/kg, the maximum blood level of radioactirity was reached at 4.0hr in female rats. The blood level of radioactivity-time profiles in male and female rats were similar, and the absorptionof $^{14}C$-YH1885 was not affected by food. 3. Appproximately 89% and 1% of radioactivity of the total dose were excreted in feces and urine, respectively. 4. Biliary excretion of radioactivity was 47.9% of the dose. Enterohepatic circulation of radioactivity was 49.6%. 5. Radioactivity was excreted maily into feces via bile. 6. The concentration of radioactivity in most tissues reached the peak level at 4.0hr after dosing, and then declined. Autoradiograms of male rats showed that the radioactivity levlels in the fat, harder's gland, liver and G-Itract were higher than those in the other tissues and the elimination of radioactivity from fat and liver was slow. 7. Autoradiograms of a pregnant rat showed that radioactivity was transferred to mammary gland, placenta and fetus. The radioactivity level in the mammary gland was higher than that in the blood.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.165-175
• /
• 1994

Attempts were made to find out nitrogen and phosphorus loads to aquatic environment resulting from feeding Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two different size groups, small and large, were used. The average sizes of small and large tilapia were 65.2 g and 389.2 g respectively, and three kinds of commercial diets were used for each size. The 3 kinds of commercial diets for tilapia contained in average 33.8% crude protein ($5.4\%$ nitrogen) and $1.4\%$ total phosphorus. The load of nitrogen and phosphorus were measured by subtracting the amounts of nutrients retained in the body of fish from consumed nutrients. Sixty, five percentage of total feces was excreted within 24 hours after feeding at $23^{\circ}C$. Nitrogen content in the feces was higher in large fish than small ones. The apparent digestibility of dietary protein for small and large tilapia was $90.0\%$ and $89.7\%$, respectively. Availability of dietary phosphorus for small and large tilapia was $44.7\%\;and\;51.4\%$, respectively. The total load of nitrogen and phosphorus per 1 metric ton of tilapia production was 49.5kg and 6.3kg, respectively, for small ones with feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.4, and 61.3 kg and 13.4kg, respectively, for large ones with the FCR of 1.8. Nitorgen balance appeared that small and large tilapia excreted $7.1\%\;and\;9.9\%$ of consumed nitrogen through fecal-nitrogen and $55.5\%\;and\;62.3\%$ through urine and gills, retaining $37.4\%\;and\;27.8\%$ in the body, respectively. These results show that small fish pollute less than large fish, excreting less and retaining more nutrients in the body.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.38 no.10
• /
• pp.817-826
• /
• 2005

Recently it has been reported that vitamin A and retinol binding proteins (RBPs) in blood and urine were changed in the condition of diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidemia. Fruits and vegetables are recommended to consume for the people suffered from these chronic degenerative diseases. The main components of fruits and vegetables are dietary fibers, for example cellulose and pectin, of which function to affect the absorption and excretion of dietary fat and fat-soluble substances. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary fibers on RBPs mRNA expression in liver, small intestine and serum of rat fed high fat diet during 4 weeks. Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 121g on average, were divided into four groups; (Control; $17\%$ fat & cellulose supplement diet, HF0: $25\%$ fat & fiber free diet, B:.Uc: $25\%$ fat & cellulose supplement diet and HF0: $25\%$ fat & pectin supplement diet) . The rats fed high fat diet groups (HF0, HFC, HFP) tended to consume the food less than the control group, but FER of HF0 groups was significantly higher than the control (p < 0.05) . The weight of adrenal gland in high fat diet groups (HF0, HFC, HFP) was significantly less than the control. Total lipid in feces daily excreted and in liver did not show any significant differences among the groups. Total cholesterol in HFP group was significantly different from that of HFC group. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in other group tended to lower than other groups and HDL cholesterol higher. Consequently, AI (atherogenic index) was the lowest in HFP group. Vit A contents in feces daily excreted tended to lower in high fat diet groups (HF0, HFP) compared to the control group. That content in adrenal gland was the lowest in HF0 group, but not in liver. In HFP group were down-regulated cRBPI mRNA in liver and cRBPII mRNA in small intestine and up-regulated RBP and transthyretin expression in serum compared to the other groups. In conclusion, dietary fibers, especially pectin, in high fat diet might down-regulate the expression of CRBP I, CRBP II mRNA in liver and small intestine, but increase the secretion of RBP into serum and therefore inhance the bioavailability of Vit A through the body. (Korean J Nutrition 38(10): 817$\sim$826,2005)

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.11-22
• /
• 2011

This work was carried out to investigate the quantity of manure excreta and characteristics in growth and production phase of Holstein dairy cattle. The average manure production of dairy cattle under condition of ad libitum feeding was 41.5 kg/head/day (feces 24.9, urine 16.4 kg). The average moisture contents of feces and urine were 85.0% and 93.9%, respectively. Water pollutant concentration, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$ and SS excreted from dairy cattle were 15,444 mg/${\ell}$, 53,159 mg/${\ell}$, and 40,528 mg/${\ell}$ in feces and 8,454 mg/${\ell}$1,116 mg/${\ell}$, and 962 mg/${\ell}$in urine, respectively. And The daily loading amount of $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, SS in dairy cattle manure were 523 g, 1,416 g and 1,025 g, respectively. N, P and K contents of manure produced by dairy cattle were 0.33, 0.49 and 0.20% in feces, and 1.02, 0.27 and 1.03 in urine, respectively. In the concentrations of mineral and heavy metal of manure, Ca, Na and Mg contents were 1.56, 0.24 and 0.69%, and Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and As were 69.23, 19.14, 2.89, 7.73 and 2.94 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, Dairy farms can be estimated optimum nutrient and pollutant balance to effectively manage the manure produced.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.123-132
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to determine the volume of Holstein heifers manure excreted and its characteristics. The average dry matter intake of heifers was 6.7 kg/head/day. The intake rate was lowest in spring among four seasons. The average dry matter intake rate during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 4.6, 8.3, 7.1, and 6.8 kg/head/day, respectively. The average water intake of heifers was $19.3{\ell}/head/day$. The wale. consumption was highest value ($21.8{\ell}/head/day$) in summer and lowest values ($18.3{\ell}/head/day$) in spring and winter. Values were found not to be statiscally different for the four seasons. The average manure production of heifers (average live weight was 363.1 kg) was 20.3 kg/head/day and it was 5.6% of live animal weight. The manure production during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 13.7, 23.5, 25.0, and 20.2 kg/head/day, respectively. Production during spring was lower than the other seasons (p<0.05). A higher correlation between live weight and manure production ($R^2=0.7816$) and between live weight and feed intake ($R^2=0.7296$) was observed for heifers. Correlations between manure production and water intake and between manure production and feed intake were found to be relatively low for heifers. The moisture content of feces was 83.5% and that of urine 94.6%. The pH of feces and urine were in the ranges of 7.4 and 7.5, respectively. The $BOD_5$, COD, SS, T-N, T-P concentrations of the heifer feces were 18,048, 50,114, 119,833, 2,519, and $427mg/{\ell}$, respectively. Heifer urine showed lower levels of $BOD_5(5,434mg/{\ell})$, COD$(6,550mg/{\ell})$, SS$(825mg/{\ell})$, T-N$(3,616mg/{\ell})$, and $T-P(28mg/{\ell})$ than feces. The fertilizer nutrient concentrations of heifer feces was 0.25% N, 0.1% $P_2O_5$ and 0.14% $K_2O$. Urine was found to contain 0.36% N, 0.006% of $P_2O_5$ and 0.31% $K_2O$.