• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2024

The increasing number of botnet attacks incorporating new evasion techniques making it infeasible to completely secure complex computer network system. The botnet infections are likely to be happen, the timely detection and response to these infections helps to stop attackers before any damage is done. The current practice in traditional IP networks require manual intervention to response to any detected malicious infection. This manual response process is more probable to delay and increase the risk of damage. To automate this manual process, this paper proposes to automatically select relevant countermeasures for detected botnet infection. The propose approach uses the concept of flow trace to detect botnet behavior patterns from current and historical network activity. The approach uses the multiclass machine learning based approach to detect and classify the botnet activity into IRC, HTTP, and P2P botnet. This classification helps to calculate the risk score of the detected botnet infection. The relevant countermeasures selected from available pool based on risk score of detected infection.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2008

The package loading process of the lumbering industry is an operation that after a pair of workers bind three or six lumbers into one unit and cut both ends of the lumbers, transports the weight cargo of 30-50kg by one meter, pack and load at a height of 1.2 meters. This package loading process causes lots of noise and wood dust when workers carry out the heavy work as the above. Therefore we developed the monolithic both ends cutting package loading equipment in order to prevent from getting musculoskeletal disease. An loading bar working system of this equipment is improved from pneumatic pressure system to oil pressure system, furnished the newly designed flow dividers, and developed the new system that a both end array is loaded identically. Also we developed the safety equipment of loading bar in order to prevent workers mistake and overload from malfunction during the package loading process. The main cause of job evasion on working place could be solved by preventing the musculoskeletal disease and improving the working environments.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.135-147
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• 2008

The package loading process of the lumbering industry is an operation that after a pair of workers bind three or six lumbers into one unit and cut both ends of the lumbers, transports the weight cargo of 30-50kg by one meter, pack and load at a height of 1.2 meters. This package loading process causes lots of noise and wood dust when workers carry out the heavy work as the above. Therefore we developed the monolithic both ends cutting package loading equipment in order to prevent from getting musculoskeletal disease. An loading bar working system of this equipment is improved from pneumatic pressure system to oil pressure system, furnished the newly designed flow dividers, and developed the new system that a both end array is loaded identically. Also we developed the safety equipment of loading bar in order to prevent workers mistake and overload from malfunction during the package loading process. The main cause of job evasion on working place could be solved by preventing the musculoskeletal disease and improving the working environments.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.17.1-17.6
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• 2018

Tumor heterogeneity, the cellular mosaic of multiple lineages arising from the process of clonal evolution, has continued to thwart multi-omics analyses using traditional bulk sequencing methods. The application of single-cell sequencing, in concert with existing genomics methods, has enabled high-resolution interrogation of the genome, transcriptome, epigenome, and proteome. Applied to cancers, these single-cell multi-omics methods bypass previous limitations on data resolution and have enabled a more nuanced understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of tumor progression, immune evasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance. This review details the growing number of novel single-cell multi-omics methods applied to tumors and further discusses recent discoveries emerging from these approaches, especially in regard to immunotherapy.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.164-178
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• 2020

본 연구는 중소기업의 사회적 책임이 조세회피에 어떤 영향을 끼치는지를 연구하고자 하였다. 구체적으로 사회적 책임을 경제적 책임 요인, 윤리적 책임 요인, 법적 책임 요인으로 하여 조세 심리적 요인에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 조세회피에 어떠한 매개 관계에 있는지를 검증하고자 하였다. 그를 위해 실증자료를 검토하여 설문지를 작성하였으며 수집된 자료를 SPSS 22.0과 PROCESS MACRO 3.4를 이용하여 분석하였다. 검증결과 기업의 경제적 책임과 윤리적 책임은 조세회피에 영향을 끼치며 법적 책임은 영향을 끼치지 않는다는 것을 알 수 있었고 조세 심리적 요인은 사회적 책임이 조세회피에 끼치는 영향을 일부 매개한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과들로 미루어 볼 때, 조세회피를 예방하기 위해서는 기업의 경제적 책임에서 발생하는 비용을 상쇄할 수 있는 조세 시책을 마련하고, 한, 두 명의 조세회피가 그룹 전체로 퍼져나가는 경우를 예방하기 위한 엄정한 조세 기강을 확립하는 시책이 필요하다는 의의를 갖는다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 연구모형에서 생략된 변수와 조세회피 측정 방법의 차이에서 오는 한계가 있다. 따라서 후속 연구에서 보다 더 다양한 변수를 이용한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.2805-2826
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• 2021

In most cases, the routing policy of networks shows a preference for a static one-to-one mapping of communication pairs to routing paths, which offers adversaries a great advantage to conduct thorough reconnaissance and organize an effective attack in a stress-free manner. With the evolution of network intelligence, some flexible and adaptive routing policies have already proposed to intensify the network defender to turn the situation. Routing mutation is an effective strategy that can invalidate the unvarying nature of routing information that attackers have collected from exploiting the static configuration of the network. However, three constraints execute press on routing mutation deployment in practical: insufficient route mutation space, expensive control costs, and incompatibility. To enhance the availability of route mutation, we propose an OpenFlow-based route mutation technique called Polymorphic Path Transferring (PPT), which adopts a physical and virtual path segment mixed construction technique to enlarge the routing path space for elevating the security of communication. Based on the Markov Decision Process, with considering flows distribution in the network, the PPT adopts an evolution routing path scheduling algorithm with a segment path update strategy, which relieves the press on the overhead of control and incompatibility. Our analysis demonstrates that PPT can secure data delivery in the worst network environment while countering sophisticated attacks in an evasion-free manner (e.g., advanced persistent threat). Case study and experiment results show its effectiveness in proactively defending against targeted attacks and its advantage compared with previous route mutation methods.

• 한국어교육
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.197-225
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare the difference in the interactions between beginning language learners and heritage learners on their forms based on the interaction hypothesis. In this study, three types of information gap activities were used to analyze Language Related Episodes (LREs) while investigating the interaction patterns in language use between four pairs (eight learners) of foreign learners and four pairs (eight learners) of English-speaking heritage learners. The result indicated that foreign learners had a high focus on form during interaction. In particular, they had a tendency to focus on vocabulary rather than grammar, and they conducted self-repair by examining and mostly adjusting their speech to postposition and tense. However, in the problem-solving process, they showed a limited ability in interaction, and thus directly asked others to settle the problem or resorted to using English due to their lack of ability to employ various communication strategies. However, heritage learners had a relatively low focus on form compared to foreign learners. Yet, they also focused more on vocabulary rather than grammar and conducted self-repair in interaction, especially for vocabulary. In addition, they were skillful at using various communication strategies such as indirect expressions, use of alternative words, evasion, and delaying, to expand speech and prevent communication breakdown. They focused less on grammar and mostly did not provide negative feedback in interaction.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.2.1-2.22
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• 2022

Targeting immune evasion via immune checkpoint pathways has changed the treatment paradigm in cancer. Since CTLA-4 antibody was first approved in 2011 for treatment of metastatic melanoma, eight immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) centered on PD-1 pathway blockade are approved and currently administered to treat 18 different types of cancers. The first part of the review focuses on the history of CTLA-4 and PD-1 discovery and the preclinical experiments that demonstrated the possibility of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 as anti-cancer therapeutics. The approval process of clinical trials and clinical utility of ICIs are described, specifically focusing on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in which immunotherapies are most actively applied. Additionally, this review covers the combination therapy and novel ICIs currently under investigation in NSCLC. Although ICIs are now key pivotal cancer therapy option in clinical settings, they show inconsistent therapeutic efficacy and limited responsiveness. Thus, newly proposed action mechanism to overcome the limitations of ICIs in a near future are also discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권13호
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• pp.5181-5186
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• 2014

Tumors have evolved numerous mechanisms by which they can escape from immune surveillance. One of these is to produce immunosuppressive cytokines. Transforming growth factor-${\beta}$(TGF-${\beta}$) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a crucial function in mediating immune suppression, especially in the tumor microenvironment. TGF-${\beta}$ produced by T cells has been demonstrated as an important factor for suppressing antitumor immune responses, but the role of tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ in this process is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that knockdown of tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ using shRNA resulted in dramatically reduced tumor size, slowing tumor formation, prolonging survival rate of tumor-bearing mice and inhibiting metastasis. We revealed possible underlying mechanisms as reducing the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and $CD4^+Foxp3^+$ Treg cells, and consequently enhanced IFN-${\gamma}$ production by CTLs. Knockdown of tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ also significantly reduced the conversion of na$\ddot{i}$ve $CD4^+$ T cells into Treg cells in vitro. Finally, we found that knockdown of TGF-${\beta}$ suppressed cell migration, but did not change the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro. In summary, our study provided evidence that tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ is a critical factor for tumor progression and evasion of immune surveillance, and blocking tumor-derived TGF-${\beta}$ may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.117-125
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• 2009

로봇에 대한 연구는 21세기에 접어들면서 단순한 반복패턴의 산업용 로봇에서 벗어나 인간에게 다양한 서비스를 제공하는 지능형 서비스 로봇에 관한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 그 중에서도 지능형 서비스 로봇에 네트워크를 연결한 URC(Ubiquitous Robotic Companion) 로봇에 관한 연구에 집중을 하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 길안내를 위한 네트워크 기반의 로봇 시스템을 제안한다. 길안내 로봇은 LEGO 브릭을 이용해 제작하고 외부 환경 인식을 위해 초음파 센서, 로테이션 센서, RFID 태그를 사용한다. 또한, 서버와의 데이터 전송 및 처리를 위해 PDA를 장착한다. 네트워크 서버는 처리정보를 블루투스 통신을 통해 로봇 컨트롤러로 전달하여 로봇의 경로이동 및 회피를 제어한다. 본 연구에서 제시한 길안내를 위한 네트워크 기반 로봇 시스템은 네트워크 연결을 통해 서버에서 프로세싱 기능을 분담처리 함으로써 기존의 지능형 로봇의 기술적인 제약을 해결하였고, 실시간 처리가 가능하며 서비스의 확장성이 유용하다. 또한 저가의 센서 장비를 통해 충분한 데이터 수집이 가능함에 따라 로봇 제작의 고비용 문제를 해결하였다.