• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2022

To elucidate the ancestry of the allopolyploids E. stevenii and E. boöphthona, I examined eleven isozyme loci and 24 morphological characters from 28 populations representing five related Euphorbia species from Australia. According to an analysis of genetic and morphological data, three diploid species differentiated recently, but two independent polyploid species are estimated to have differentiated a relatively long time ago. Fixed heterozygosity for most isozymes in E. stevenii and E. boöphthona strongly suggests that these two species are allopolyploids rather than autopolyploids. The isozyme profiles of E. stevenii indicate that it is an allopolyploid that evolved from interspecific hybridization between the diploid E. tannensis and unidentified or extinct tetraploid species. In addition, isozyme patterns strongly suggest that E. stevenii was one of the ancestors of E. boöphthona. However, E. boöphthona showed a large number of fixed alleles that were not detected in any other Australian Eremophyton species. The most likely hypothesis for the origin of E. boöphthona is that it was formed by hybridization and chromosomal doubling between an extinct diploid species and the hexaploid E. stevenii.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to understand the growth pattern, pollinators and their frequency of visits of Euphorbia helioscopia population which is located at Tongyoung areas in Korea. The vegetative parts of the species grow early in March, and flowering begins in the middle of the month, and pollination was completed at the mid of April. As a typical form of early spring type, the fruits of E. helioscopia were matured between early in April and May, and the upper parts of plants were disappeared between May and June. During the blooming season about 11 insects species which belong to Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Heteroptera were the most common groups found on this plants. Among them the species of Diptera are the most dominant pollinators for E. helioscopia which is concordant to previous reports in Euphorbia species. Despite of significant numbers of insect visitors in Euphorbia species being reported, E. helioscopia attracts only 11 insect species in study areas, and the paucity of species probably associates with the insect fauna in Tongyoung areas or typical patterns of early spring bloomer of Euphorbias. We observed majority of Diptera species to visit in the morning, and the frequency of visit decreased in the afternoon. Thus, it suggests that the visiting activity of Diptera species is not associated with the temperature increase which was reported in Euphorbia species. However, the number of the cyathium during the blooming season is likely to be related to the frequency of visit of pollinators in E. helioscopia.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2010

Phytoextraction, one type of phytoremediation processes, has been widely used in the removal of heavy metals from polluted soil. This paper reviewed literature on metal uptake by plants and characterized the metal uptake by types of metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and As), plant species, initial metal concentrations in soil and the distribution of metals in different parts of plants. The potential of metal accumulation and transport by plants was closely related to plants species, types of metals, and initial metal concentrations in soil. The plants belonging to Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Poaceae, and Convolvulaceae families have shown the high potential capacity of Cd accumulation. The Gentianaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Polygonaceae families have exhibited relatively high Pb uptake potential while the Pteridaceae and Cyperaceae families have shown relatively high Zn uptake potential. The Pteridaceae family could uptake a remarkably high amount of As compared with other plant families. The potential metal accumulation per plant biomass has increased with increasing initial metal concentration in soil up to a certain level and then decreased for Cd and Zn. For As, only Pteris vittata had a linear relationship between initial concentration in soil and potential of metal uptake. However, a meaningful relationship for Pb was not found in this study. Generally, the plants having high metal uptake potential for Cd or Pb mainly accumulated the metal in their roots. However, the Euphorbiaceae family has accumulated more than 80% of Pb in shoot. Zn has evenly accumulated in roots and stems except for the plants belonging to the Polygonaceae and Rosaceae families which accumulated Zn in their leaves. The Pteridaceae family has accumulated a higher amount of As in leaves than roots. The types of metals, plant species, and initial metal concentration in soil influence the metal uptake by plants. It is important to select site-specific plant species for effective removal of metals in soil. Therefore, this study may provide useful and beneficial information on metal accumulation by plants for the in situ phytoremediation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.211-239
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• 1997

The flora of Oesorak in the Soraksan National Park including Chombongsan(Mountain) and Kwanmobong(Peak) were surveyed from February to August, 1996. These areas have very rich and diverse flora;620 taxa with 89 families, 321 genera, 526 species, 2 subspecies, 89 varieties and 3 forms in the Oesorak, 404 taxa with 251 genera, 350 species, 1 subspecies, 51 varieties and 2 forms in the Chombongsan(Mountain), 286 taxa with 206 genera, 233 species, 1 subspecies, 50 varieties and 2 forms in Kwanmobong(peak). The Oesorak had very distinct floristic characteristics such as the wild habitats of Asarum maculatum(Aristolochiaceae) and Ilex macropoda(Aquifoliaceae). In the phyorgeographical point of view, the six species such as Sapium japonicum (Euphorbiaceae), Euphorbia joldini(Euphorbiaceae), Ilex macropoda (Aquifoliaceae), Styrax japonica (Styracaceae), Carex sideros ticta (Cyperaceae) and Asarum maculatum (Aristolochiaceae) were naturalized into this region, while the 17 taxa such as Abies neprolepis(Pinaceae), Pinus pumila(Pinaceae), Thuja koraiensis(Cupressaceae), Allium senescens(Liliaceae), Lilium distichum(Liliaceae), Saxifraga punctata(Saxfragaceae), Rosa marretii(Rosaceae), Bupleurum euphorbioides(Umbelliferae), Androsace cortusaefolia (Primulaceae), Peducularis mandshurica(Scrophulariaceae) and Leontopodium coreanum (Compositae) were distrivuted to this region. The colonizing weedy species such as Ixris repens (Compositae) were distributed to this region. The colonizing weedy species losa(Labiatae) and Rosa rugosa(Rosaceae) were naturalized into ca. 900m at sea level mainly due to the sand soil from the seashore. Mountain roadbed is susceptible than other areas to the slippery road problems, due largely to snow and rain, particularly during winter. Sand soils from seashore are utilized to minimize this slip in traffic operation.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.99-124
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• 1993

Plant in chollabuk-do have investded 105 family, 442 species. 2. The order of distribution of the most family was the Compositae 43, Leguminosae Gramineae each 28, Rosaceae 17, Liliaceas 22, Labiatae 17, Ranunculaceae 12, Betulaceae 11, Violaceae 10, Polygonaceae Aspidiaceae each 9, Cruciferae${\cdot}$Caryothyllaceae${\cdot}$Celastraceae each 8, Fagaceae, Rubiaceae each 6, Ulmaceae 5. 3. Medical plants have invested 56 family, 116 species. 4. The order of the most family was the Compositae 8, Liliaceae Rosaceae${\cdot}$Umbelliferae${\cdot}$Labiatae each 6, Leguminosae${\cdot}$Rutaceae each 5, Campanulaceae${\cdot}$Ranunculaceae each 3, Simaroubaceae${\cdot}$Euphorbiaceae${\cdot}$Araliaceae each 2, Scrophulariaceae${\cdot}$Plantaginaceae each 1.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.2 s.137
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• pp.157-163
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• 2004

Twenty two polyphenols containing ten gallotannins, seven ellagitannins, two phenylpropanoids and three stilbenes isolated from the higher plants were tested inhibitory effects on melanogenesis in cultured B-16 mouse melanoma cell lines. Among the tested samples, 1-desgalloyleugeniin exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on melanogenesis in cultured cell lines.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 1996

A chemical examination of the phenolic compounds in the leaves of Sapium japonicum(Euphorbiacesae) has led to the isolation of eleven phenolic compounds, containing five hydrolysable tannins and six flavonoids. On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidences, the structures of these compounds were confirmed to be gallic acid(1), 5-O-caffeoyl quinic acid(2), 1-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-HHDP-${\beta}-_D$-glucose(corilagin)(3), 1-O-galloyl-2,4(R)-DHHDP-${\beta}-_D$-glucose(furosin)(4), 1-O-galloyl-2,4-(R)-DHHDP-3,6-(R)-HHDP-${\beta}-_D$-glucose(geraniin )(5), astragalin(6), trifolin(7), afzelin(8), quercetin(9), isoquercitrin(10) and rutin(11). Among them geraniin was the main component.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.252-259
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• 2008

The chloroform extract of Croton roxburghii (Family: Euphorbiaceae) was evaluated for its antipyretic effects in Brewer's yeast induced hyperthermia in rats. The anti-inflammatory effect of the Croton roxburghii was also evaluated by using carrageenan, dextran, histamine, serotonin induced rat paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma (chronic) models in rats. The chloroform extract of Croton roxburghii (CECR) exhibited significant anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory effect at the dose 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Maximum inhibition (55.32%) was notedat the dose of 200 mg/kg after 3 h of drug treatment in carrageenan induced paw oedema, whereas the Indomethacin (standard drug) produced 61.33% of inhibition. The extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in dextran induced paw edema in a dose dependent manner. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) the CECR (200 mg/kg) and Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 52.32% and 56.32% respectively. The extract also exhibited a significant antipyretic response in Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in rats. Thus, the present study revealed that the CECR exhibited significant antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity in the tested animal models.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.2211-2214
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• 2010

The whole plant of Euphorbia helioscopia is an important traditional Chinese medicine. Fom its BuOH soluble extract, one new lactam (1), three new terpenoids (2-4) including a new naturally occurring compound, and three known compounds were isolated. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic evidences. In particular, the absolute configurations of side chain of compounds 1 and 2 were determined using computational methods.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.3 s.130
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• pp.207-210
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• 2002

The methanol extract from the root of Croton cascarilloides Raeusch. was primarily evaluated for cytotoxic activity in the cultured human lung cancer cell line (A459) and showed cytotoxic potential with $ED_{50}$ value of $5.98\;{\mu}g/ml$. Bioassayguided fractionation of the root extract resulted in 3-acetyl aleuritolic acid, rubiadin-l-methyl ether, and julocrotine. The structures of the compounds were elucidated from the combination of spectroscopic data and references. In addition, the $^{13}C-NMR$ assignments of rubiadin-l-methyl ether were revised.