• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2016

Recently, food industries are increasingly interested in launching ethnic foods in the global market, but communicating sensory information to target consumers has been complicated due to the ambiguity and complexity of Korean sensory descriptors. This study was conducted to elicit various multidimensional sensory descriptors and their definitions using focus group interviews (FGI). Two consumer groups, consisting of 10 panelists in their 20s and 10 panelists in their 30-40s respectively, participated in the FGI. A total of 14 commonly used multidimensional sensory descriptors, including gamchilmat (감칠맛), gaeun (개운), goso (고소), gusu (구수), kkal-kkeum (깔끔), neu-kki (느끼), dambaek (담백), birin (비린), siwon (시원), sikeum (시큼), ssapssarae (쌉싸래), eolkeun (얼큰), jjapjoreum (짭조름), and kalkal (칼칼), were elicited. Their definitions showed that these descriptors not only were constructed using several sensory elements but also contained hedonic connotations. Descriptors such as gaeun, siwon, and kkal-kkeum were more closely associated with overall sensory impressions, including aftersensations and post-ingestive effects rather than sensory concepts. As individuals tend to weigh different elements to construct the concept for each multidimensional descriptor, further studies are required to identify elements consisting of these descriptors to develop better test methods and gain a clearer understanding of the sensory profiles of Korean foods.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.661-670
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• 2007

To investigate the market potential for developing Gochujang(a traditional Korean hot pepper soybean paste) products in the UK including the European market, a qualitative consumer study utilizing focus groups was conducted on the $23rd{\sim}25^{th}$ of May, 2005. The focus group approach utilizes small groups of consumers and is very effective in determining the ways in which a product can be used, by examining consumer perceptions on the overall sensory properties of a product as well as variations in taste, flavour, and texture. A series of six consumer group studies were carried out in three different locations around the UK. Each group involved approximately eight respondents(a total of 48 respondents) and ran for at least 90 minutes. The respondents were recruited by specific criteria to achieve a cross-section of ages and genders. All respondents purchased, prepared, and ate home-cooked Oriental/Far Eastern cuisine. Consumer reactions to Gochujang in its traditional form, and in manufactured products, were explored in terms of appearance, texture, flavour, and taste the consumers' perceived uses and applications for products were also examined. Many consumers were familiar with ethnic cuisines such as Chinese, Thai, Japanese, Indian, and Tex/Mex, already preparing these foods using various convenience products at home at least twice a week. However, Korean cuisine was not mentioned by any of the respondents. The Gochujang sauce presented during the interview had broad based appeal mainly as a dipping sauce, and to a lesser degree as a marinade. Traditional Gochujang has the potential to inspire consumers who are looking for novel and authentic world cuisine products. From the sensory evaluations of various prototypes developed according to consumer reactions during the focus group interviews, three prototypes(a sauce for chicken, dipping sauce type, and BBQ sauce type) were determined for further consumer preference studies.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제37권
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• pp.243-266
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• 2004

필자는 2003년 7월 6일부터 2003년 7월 24일까지 중국 동북의 소수민족을 답사하였다. 답사 대상 민족은 허저족(赫哲族), 다우얼족(達斡爾族), 어룬춘족(顎倫春族), 어원커족(顎溫克族), 몽골족이었으며 답사지역은 헤이롱지성(黑龍江省)과 내몽골의 동북부 지역이었다. 본 고에서 연구대상으로 하는 민족은 퉁구스계 민족인 허저족, 어룬춘족, 어원커족이다. 그동안 한국의 청동기인을 형성한 것으로 인식되어온 퉁구스는 고고학적, 역사학적, 언어학적 증거로 볼 때 한민족과는 별개의 민족임을 알 수 있다. 물론 구체적인 결론은 각 분야의 학자들의 좀 더 심도 있는 연구가 이루어진 후에야 증명될 것으로 보인다. 그러나 현재 까지 이루어진 연구성과로 볼 때 한민족의 족원을 퉁구스에서 찾기는 어려울 듯하다. 퉁구스의 가신신앙과 한국의 가신신앙을 비교연구한 결과 마루신앙, 조왕신앙, 삼신신앙에 있어 공통점을 발견할 수 있었다. 그 원인으로는 두 가지를 들 수 있는데 하나는 전파나 접촉이고 다른 하나는 이주에 의한 결과이다. 전파나 접촉은 퉁구스와 한민족이 역사적으로 매우 근접한 거리에 거주하였기 때문에 발생한 것이고 이주는 고구려, 부여 등의 멸망으로 인한 유이민에 의한 것이다. 퉁구스와 한민족의 가신신앙은 위에서 언급한 공통점과 함께 차이점도 보인다. 첫째, 한민족의 가신신앙은 농경을 기반으로 형성된 것으로 정착형의 가옥에 집의 안과 밖을 구분하는 성속(聖俗)관념이 발달하였으나 퉁구스민족은 이동식의 주거인 시에런주(xierenzhu)를 기반으로 하기 때문에 집에 대한 성속관념이 한국보다는 약하다. 둘째, 한국의 가신은 신의 성격이 분명하며 신의 기능에 따라 모셔지는 장소가 다르다. 퉁구스의 경우 모든 가신이 마루(malu)에 모셔지며 일부는 가신이 아닌 신들이 모셔지기도 한다. 셋째 한국의 가신은 성주를 중심으로 가족을 이루고 있다. 퉁구스의 가신들 사이에 이러한 가족관계는 전혀 발견되지 않는다. 한국의 가신신앙을 중국과 비교할 때 가장 큰 특징이라면 성주신앙을 중심으로 혈연관계를 맺으며 단단히 결합되어 있다는 것이다. 중국의 가신신앙에서 성주는 강태공이나 치우로 한국과는 구분되며 중국의 가신들은 혈연관계를 맺고 있지도 않다. 한국의 가신신앙 중 측간신이나 조왕신의 일부 내용은 중국 한족과 관련을 맺고 있으나 언어학에서 문법이 그러 하듯 가신신앙의 기본 구조는 중국과 다르다. 이러한 견고한 틀을 형성하고 있는 한국의 가신신앙 중 마루, 조왕, 삼신이 퉁구스민족과 관련이 있다는 것은 한국 가신신앙에 퉁구스적 요소가 매우 중요한 역할을 하였음을 알 수 있다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to suggest the most appropriate design concepts for sportive fashion product based on the analysis of consumers' acceptance of the recent sportive fashion trends according to their lifestyle. The subjects consisted of 295 males and females, between 17 and 35 year-old. A self-report questionnaire with 4 stimuli was employed for data gathering, and the data were analyzed by the methods of frequency, factor analysis, cluster analysis, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study were summarized as follows: For the First, the recent sportive fashion trends were categorized into four groups; 'street- sportive' trend, 'futuristic-sportive' trend, 'ethnic-sportive' trend and 'urban-utility sportive' trend. Secondly, based on the result of cluster analysis on consumers' lifestyle, total four consumer groups were identified; 'pursuing sense' group, 'pursuing culture' group, 'pursuing utility' group, and 'indifference' group. Thirdly, the consumers relatively preferred two sportive styles among the four groups, typically representing 'urban-utility' trend and 'street' trend. The typical 'urban-utility' style was particularly preferred by the consumers who desired to express themselves as urban, modern, and luxurious. The typical 'street' style was preferred by the consumers who tried to express themselves as active and fashionable. Finally, preferences of the sportive trends according to consumers' lifestyle were interpreted as follows: the 'pursuing sense' group relatively preferred 'urbanutility' style and 'street' style, the 'pursuing culture' group preferred 'street' style and the 'pursuing utility' group preferred 'urban-utility' style, meaningwhile the 'indifference' group preferred 'street' style and 'urban- utility' style.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5439-5444
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• 2012

Objective: To explore the correlation of human papillomavious (HPV) infection with expression of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in patients with different ethnicity in Xinjiang, China. Methods: 166 biopsy specimens from 83 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCC), 63 laryngeal papillomas (LP), and 20 laryngeal inflammatory polyps (LIP) were included in this study. HPV infection was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific types of HPV primers. Expression of p53 and PCNA was assessed using immunohistostaining. Results: The frequency of HPV 6/11 was higher in LP (33.3%) than in LSCC (9.6%) (P<0.0005), whereas the frequency of HPV 16/18 was higher in LSCC (37.3 %) than in LP (6.3%) (P<0.0005). Patients of the Han ethnic group with LSCC had a higher infection rate with HPV 6/11 or HPV 6/11 and HPV 16/18 coinfection than those of Uygur and Kazak ethnicity (P<0.05). Overexpression of p53 and PCNA were higher in LSCC (62.7%, 57.8%) than in LP (38%, 33.3%) (P<0.005, and P<0.005, respectively). That of p53 was not associated with lymph-node metastases and clinical stages, but overexpression of PCNA closely correlated with clinical stage. Conclusions: These results strongly implicate HPV6/11 infection in the carcinogenesis of LSCC and LP, respectively. There was a higher coincidence of increased malignancy of laryngeal tumors with overexpression of p53 and PCNA. Overexpression of p53 may serve as an early risk marker for malignant transformation in HPV infected cells while the overexpression of PCNA may serve as a late marker for progression of LSCC.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.199-214
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• 2020

The study investigates Atlas fabrics, the Ikat weaving method used by the Uygur People in Xinjiang, China. Based on domestic and foreign papers and other literature, different cultural characteristics of Ikat fabrics from various regions are compared. Following a theoretical investigation, characteristics of fabrics from the Indian Patola, Indonesian Ikat, Japanese Kasuri, and Uzbekistan Adras are summarized and compared with the characteristics of pattern, color, and manufacturing process of Atlas silk from Xinjiang China (also an Ikat fabric). The results are as follows. First, although the weaving process used for Ikat fabrics differs from country to country according to different national cultures, lifestyles, colors, patterns, and usage methods, they are all Ikat dyed fabrics. Therefore, they are all regarded as precious objects symbolizing a certain social status, and are used as a gift for special occasions, such as weddings. Second, the form of the pattern varies. Indian Patola has clear outlines and regular patterns, while the patterns of Japanese Kasuri are mainly inspired by folk life ideas. Indonesian Ikat contains influences from indigenous tribes, and Uzbekistan's and China's Atlas textiles are influenced by geography, religion, and national culture, including bright colors and pattern designs inspired by plants, musical instruments, and geometric figures. Finally, the patterns and colors of Xinjiang Atlas fabrics present strong ethnic characteristics. Unlike the Uzbekistan fabric which is mostly influenced by Islam, human and animal patterns would not feature in Xinjiang Atlas patterns, which mostly consist of long strips, repeated in a neat and orderly form.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2012

Large-scale copy number variants (CNVs) in the human provide the raw material for delineating population differences, as natural selection may have affected at least some of the CNVs thus far discovered. Although the examination of relatively large numbers of specific ethnic groups has recently started in regard to inter-ethnic group differences in CNVs, identifying and understanding particular instances of natural selection have not been performed. The traditional $F_{ST}$ measure, obtained from differences in allele frequencies between populations, has been used to identify CNVs loci subject to geographically varying selection. Here, we review advances and the application of multinomial-Dirichlet likelihood methods of inference for identifying genome regions that have been subject to natural selection with the $F_{ST}$ estimates. The contents of presentation are not new; however, this review clarifies how the application of the methods to CNV data, which remains largely unexplored, is possible. A hierarchical Bayesian method, which is implemented via Markov Chain Monte Carlo, estimates locus-specific $F_{ST}$ and can identify outlying CNVs loci with large values of FST. By applying this Bayesian method to the publicly available CNV data, we identified the CNV loci that show signals of natural selection, which may elucidate the genetic basis of human disease and diversity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.3287-3291
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• 2014

Background: The interesting preponderance of Chinese with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) amongst the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia prompted a study to determine DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status in our CRC and attempt correlation with patient age, gender and ethnicity as well as location, grade, histological type and stage of tumour. Histologically re-confirmed CRC, diagnosed between $1^{st} $January 2005 and $31^{st}$ December 2007 at the Department of Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre, were immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies to MMR proteins, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 on the Ventana Benchmark XT autostainer. Of the 142 CRC cases entered into the study, there were 82 males and 60 females (M:F=1.4:1). Ethnically, 81 (57.0%) were Chinese, 32 (22.5%) Malays and 29 (20.4%) Indians. The patient ages ranged between 15-87 years (mean=62.4 years) with 21 cases <50-years and 121 ${\geq}50$-years of age. 14 (9.9%) CRC showed deficient MMR (dMMR). Concurrent loss of MLH1 and PMS2 occurred in 10, MSH2 and MSH6 in 2 with isolated loss of MSH6 in 1 and PMS2 in 1. dMMR was noted less frequently amongst the Chinese (6.2%) in comparison with their combined Malay and Indian counterparts (14.8%), and was associated with right sided and poorly differentiated tumours (p<0.05). 3 of the 5 (60.0%) dMMR CRC cases amongst the Chinese and 1 of 9 cases (11.1%) amongst the combined Malay and Indian group were <50-years of age. No significant association of dMMR was noted with patient age and gender, tumour stage or mucinous type.

• 한국어교육
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.367-402
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• 2017

본 연구는 언어 학습이 실행공동체 (Communities of practice) 참여를 통한 사회적 학습과정이라는 전제 하에, Norton (2001)의 상상 공동체 (Imagined communities) 개념을 바탕으로 언어학습자들의 다면적 동기를 이해하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 특별히 기존 제2언어습득 문헌에서 상대적으로 연구되지 않은 미국 내 소수민족언어 (less commonly taught languages) 중 하나인 한국어 학습자의 다면적 동기를 조명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 미국 동부 소재 대학에서 한국어 강의를 수강하는 11명의 학생들을 대상으로 심층적 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 연구 분석결과 학습자 그룹 내에 관찰되는 상상공동체의 유형으로 K-pop 문화공동체, 직업 공동체, 한국 친인척 공동체, 민족 정체성 공동체의 네가지 유형이 관찰되었다. 그리고 학습자 개개인의 상상 공동체는 언어 배경, 학습 기간, 매체 사용 등의 다양한 경험을 통해 다양하게 발전, 변화하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 계승어 학습자와 비계승어 학습자 간에 지향하는 상상 공동체의 유형을 비교해 보았을 때 명확한 차이가 나타났다. 또한 기존 문헌에서 계승어 관련 동기 (heritage motivation or motivation related to heritage)라 명명되는 개념 내에도 학습자의 경험에 따라 실제로는 상이한 공동체 유형이 존재함이 발견되었다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2022

Objectives: This study investigated associations between ethnicity and malaria awareness in East Nusa Tenggara Province (ENTP), Indonesia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted upon 1503 adults recruited by multi-stage cluster random sampling. A malaria awareness questionnaire was used to collect data, according to which participants were classified as aware or unaware of malaria. Logistic regression was applied to quantify the strength of associations of factors with malaria awareness. Results: The participation rate in this study was high (99.5%). The participants were distributed relatively evenly among the Manggarai, Atoni, and Sumba ethnicities (33.0, 32.3, and 30.2%, respectively). Malaria awareness was significantly different amongst these groups; it was most common in the Manggarai ethnicity (65.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 59.9 to 70.3) and least common in the Sumba ethnicity (35.0%; 95% CI, 27.6 to 42.4). The most prominent factor influencing the malaria awareness in the Sumba and Manggarai ethnicities was education level, whilst it was socioeconomic status (SES) in the Atoni ethnicity. The likelihood of malaria awareness was significantly higher in adults with an education level of diploma or above (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 21.4; 95% CI, 3.59 to 127.7 for Manggarai; aOR, 6.94; 95% CI, 1.81 to 26.6 for Sumba). Malaria awareness was significantly more common amongst high-SES adults in the Atoni group (aOR, 24.48; 95% CI, 8.79 to 68.21). Conclusions: Low education levels and low SES were prominent contributors to lower levels of malaria awareness in rural ENTP. Interventions should focus on improving malaria awareness to these groups to support the Indonesian government's national commitment to achieve a malaria elimination zone by 2030.