• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2001

Kamijadowhan (KMD), an oriental herbal medicine used for anti-angiogenic effect, was extracted with 80% ethanol from mixture of source materials and lyophilized. KMD was orally administered to plugpositive pregnant rats from gestational days 12 to 20, dividing into three groups including vehicle-treated control, 0.5 g/kg or 3 g/kg KMD-treated groups. Dam weight during gestation and post-gestation, weight of pre- and post-weaning offsprings in male and female, and reproductive and developmental endpoints including incisor eruption, eye opening and testes descent were measured. No significant alterations in development of physical landmarks in offspring, maternal weight gain during gestation and post-gestation, and offspring weight were observed in KMD-treated group. The measurement of organ weight at post-gestational days 21 was not changed in dams. In 0.5 g/kg KMD-treated rats, kidney weights in male and female offsprings were significantly increased, and the body weight in male offspring was also increased. Liver and brain weights were not changed. Taken together, these data suggest that KMD may not significantly cross the placenta and produce no reproductive and developmental toxicity at maternally non-toxic dosages.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.490-500
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate repeated dose oral toxicity upon administration of the test substance 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one for 90 days and to determine NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) and target organs in Sprague-Dawley rats. Single, 2-week repeated, and 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats. The dose levels of groups were 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg/d. All dose groups were compared with the vehicle control group. The animals were observed for clinical signs and weekly body weight. Urinalysis, hematology, and serum biochemistry analyses were conducted. Subsequently, animals were sacrificed and subjected to histopathological examination. For the result, NOAEL of ethanol extract from unripe fruit of bitter melon had an optimal dose of 5,000 mg/kg/d and acceptable daily intake up to 3,000 mg/man. There was no target organ detected. Therefore, bitter melon, which contains a variety of bioactive substances, could be widely used as a health functional food ingredient.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1305-1311
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• 2008

This study investigated that the antidiabetic effects of banaba extracts with variety solvents selectivity in vitro and in vivo. Banaba extracts were prepared with water, 70% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 100% ethanol and water-ethanol that of extract twice times sequentially water and ethanol. Cell toxicity and insulin secretion of banaba extracts was tested by MTT (3-[4,5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on hamster insulinoma cell line, HIT-T15. Also we tested that insulin, body weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Water-ethanol extract has remarkable antidiabetic effect compare with the other banaba extracts. For water-ethanol extract has both of hydrophilic and hydrophobic antidiabetic materials from banaba. Expecially, corosolic acid, as known as unique polyphenol, has antidiabetic effect studied by many researchers till nowadays. But corosolic acid does not solve in water. Otherwise, we suggest that banaba extract of hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials (polyphenol and antioxidants) mixture more increased antidiabetic effects.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.289-294
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• 2015

In this research, water and ethanol extract of Momordica charantia shells, fruits and seeds were tested to see possibility as natural functional cosmetic agent. Water and ethanol extract showed 69.45 mg/g and 70.87 mg/g polyphenol concentration, respectively. Momordica charantia water and ethanol extracts did not indicate cell toxicity up to $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in MTT assay. Tyrosinase inhibition effects of water and ethanol extract were lower than arbutin, however, ethanol extract showed better DOPA oxidation inhibition effect than arbutin. Elastase inhibition effects of ethanol extract displayed similar efficacy with adenosine at higher concentrations. Solution formulations (5% extract) were stable for 28 days in both extracts, however, lotion formulation (1% extract) showed considerable variation in viscosity whereas ethanol extraction indicated relative stability. In conclusion, water and ethanol extract of Momordica charantia shells, fruits and seeds indicated strong possibility for whitening and antiwrinkle functional cosmetic ingredient.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.37-43
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• 2018

Objectives : Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were well known as anti-oxidant, but they were limited to use because of toxicity. So, many studies are being done to develope natural anti-oxidant. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents along with total antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract of Plantaginis Herba (PH) were evaluated to explore the reliable and potential sources of novel natural antioxidants. Methods : Total polyphenol contents and total flavonoid contents in PH ethanol extract were determined by colorimetric method. And DPPH(1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS(2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Surfonicacid)) free radical scavenging capacity and reducing power inhibition activities of PH ethanol extract were measured at 100, 500, 1000, $5000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ concentrations by spectrometric assay. Results : The total polyphenol contents and total flavonoid contents of the extract were 161.99 mg/g, 144.05 mg/g, respectively. Also, DPPH, ABTS free radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of PH ethanol extract in treated concentrations (100, 500, 1000, $5000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) increased dose dependently. In particular, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of PH ethanol extract from $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ was significantly increased compared to positive control (BHA). ABTS free radical scavenging capacity of PH ethanol extract from $1000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ was significantly higher than BHA. Also, reducing power showed that PH ethanol extract from $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ was significantly increased compared to BHA. Conclusions : These results suggest that PH ethanol extract has effects to scavenge free radicals, thus PH has potential and applicable benefits for development of materials and products to have anti-oxidation functions.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2000

The ethanol extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS), the Korean Lacquer tree, was subsequentely isolated and fractioned into two portions using distilled water (SED) and 99% ethanol (SEE) as elution buffers through silica gel column (4x28 em, 22 $\AA$. 28~200 mesh). To know the antioxidative effect of the RVS extracts, primary hepatocytes were exposed to hydroxyl radical generated by 20 mU/$m\ell$ glucose oxidase with SED or SEE for 4 hr. The addition of 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ SED in culture medium showed good protection from glucose oxidase (GO)-mediated cytotoxicity of hepatocytes, showing approximately equivalent to control. When the hepatocytes were incubated with 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ SED or SEE only for 4 hr. the activities of cell-associated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were elevated up to 1.22 fold and 1.4 fold, respectively, compared to control. Further increase, 1.88fold in SOD activity or 1.64fold in catalase activity, was also observed when the hepatocytes were incubated with 100 units/$m\ell$ of commercial SOD or catalase for 4 hr. Moreover. the glucose oxidase-mediated cytotoxicity in cultured hepatocytes was generally reduced upon addition of lysate obtained from SED or SEE-stimulated hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. From these results, we suggest that, in cultured hepatocytes, RVS ethanol extract can efficiently reduce cytotoxicity induced by glucose oxidase and may increase the activity of cell-associated SOD and/or catalase, thereby preventing and/or scavenging superoxides and hydroxyl radicals in this experiment.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.311-321
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• 2016

Chronic or acute alcohol abuse often leads to liver injury associated with alcoholic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In addition to the liver, alcohol abuse also induces a variety of other tissue injuries including pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, neurotoxicity and muscle loss. Chronic skeletal muscle myopathy, independent of peripheral neuropathy, is well recognised in alcoholic patients. Several mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy. Ethanol is a potent inhibitor of muscle protein synthesis. Gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles are Type II fiber-predominant and usually considered representative of the musculature as a whole. Whereas, soleus muscle is Type I fiber predominant. Shihosogan-san is a traditional Korean medicine that is widely employed to treat indigestion and liver diseases. Muscle diseases are often related to liver diseases and conditions. We therefore tested the hypothesis that treatment with Shihosogan-san could ameliorate the ethanol-induced changes in muscle protein synthesis. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally given 25% ethanol (5ml/kg, body weight) daily with Ethanol for 28 days. Normal group was similarly administrated with saline. In Shihosogan-san treated group, rats were orally administrated Shihosogan-san extract, and rats of EtOH group were given with the vehicle only. After 4 week, the morphology of gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. For comparative purposes, liver function was also investigated. The muscles from rats of EtOH group displayed a significant reduction in average cross section area compared to Normal group. Shihosogan-san treated group had increased fiber compared to the EtOH group. Moreover, Shihosogan-san treated group compared with EtOH group showed significantly decreased pro-apoptotic BAX expression and increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, Shihosogan-san extract showed ameliorating effects on chronic alcohol toxicity in skeletal muscle.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2021

Objectives: Accumulation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress. Increased production of ROS, such as superoxide anion, or a deficiency in their clearance by antioxidant defences, mediates cellular pathology. Grewia Spp fruits are a source of bioactive compounds and have notable antioxidant activity. Although the antioxidant capacity of Grewia Spp has been studied, there is very limited evidence that links the antioxidant activities of Grewia bicolor and Grewia flava to the inhibition of free radical formation associated with damage in biological systems. Methods: This study evaluated the protective effects of Grewia bicolor and Grewia flava extracts against free radical-induced oxidative stress and the resulting cytotoxicity effect using HeLa cells. Antioxidant properties determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and total phenolic content (TPC) assays showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity in Grewia flava (ethanol extract) than Grewia flava (water extract) and Grewia bicolor (ethanol and water extracts). Results: Using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide or MTT assay, cytotoxicity results showed that extracts of Grewia bicolor and Grewia flava were less toxic to HeLa cells at tested concentrations compared to the untreated control. This confirmed the low toxicity of these edible fruits at the tested concentrations in HeLa cells. Furthermore, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell loss was effectively reduced by pre-incubating HeLa cells with Grewia bicolor and Grewia flava extracts, with Grewia flava (ethanol extract) revealing better protection. Conclusion: The effect was speculated to be associated with the higher antioxidant activity of Grewia flava (ethanol extract). Additional studies will warrant confirmation of the mechanism of action of such effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.470-475
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• 2007

Oplopanax elatus (O. elatus) is a tall deciduous shrub that has traditionally been used for σ eating a variety of ailments such as diabetes, coughling, rheumatism, gastro-intestinal disorders, and wounds. In order to examine the safety of the ethanol extracts of O. elatus, we performed a 14-day repeated-dose toxicity study with Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were treated with daily doses of the D. elatus ethanol extracts by gavage at 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day for 14 consecutive days. We recorded clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, hematology, organ weights, gross and histological changes in target organs, and clinical chemistry analysis data for all rats. There were no significant changes in body and organ weights during the experimental period. The hematological analysis and clinical blood chemistry data revealed no toxic effects from the O. elatus ethanol extracts. Pathologically, neither gross abnormalities nor histopathological changes were observed between the control and treated rats of both sexes. Collectively, these data suggest that the ethanol extracts of O. elatus have a high margin of safety.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.343-349
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• 2010

The liver is the major target of ethanol toxicity and oxidative stress plays a role in development of alcoholic liver disease. This study was performed to investigate the effects of green tea extracts (GTE) on acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Experimental animals were divided into 4 groups, control, GTE, ethanol, and GTE+ethanol treatment, with 5 rats in each group. Ethanol (6 g/kg body weight (BW)) and GTE (200 mg/kg BW) were treated by gavage. At 1 hour, 3 hours and 20 days (6 g/kg BW every 2 days for total 10 doses) after ethanol and/or GTE treatments, animals were killed; hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) and glutathione level, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) activities and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured. At 1 hour and 3 hours, hepatic TNF-$\alpha$ levels were increased significantly in ethanol group and ethanol+GTE group but that levels was significantly lower in ethanol+GTE group compared with ethanol group. Hepatic glutathione level was decreased by ethanol treatment but GTE prevented the ethanol-induced glutathione decrement. The levels of liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT), liver antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) were not changed in rats of 1 and 3 hours after ethanol treatment. After 20 days, GTE decreased the changes of liver marker enzymes (AST, ALT) activities and TBARS level by ethanol. This study shows that GTE beneficially modulates TNF-$\alpha$ and glutathione levels in liver of ethanol administered rats. The GTE supplementation could be beneficial to liver by decreasing early changes of biomarkers of liver damage caused by ethanol.