• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2012

Epimedii Herba is a traditional medicinal herb used in Korea and China and exerts estrogenic activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of peripubertal administration of Epimedii Herba on pubertal development in female rats using a modified protocol of the rodent 20-day pubertal female assay. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (21 days old after weaning, 10 rats per group) were divided into five groups: saline (Con), ethinyl estradiol (E2), Epimedii Herba ext (Ext), icariin (ICI), and icaritin (ICT), which were administered by oral gavage (E2 by subcutaneous injection) from postnatal day (PND) 21 through PND40. The time to vaginal opening (VO) was shorter for the Epimedii groups, particularly for the ICT group (p<0.05). Treatment with ICI and ICT significantly increased the duration of the estrus cycle (ICI, 2.78 days; ICT, 4.0 days; control, 1.78 days). Ovary weight was reduced by E2 treatment and increased by the Ext, ICI, and ICT treatments while the weight of the uterus and pituitary glands increased significantly only in the E2 and ICT groups. Although Epimedii Herba displayed relatively weak estrogenic activity, its repeated administration could affect pubertal development in female rats.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2004

Petroleum ether, benzene and alcohol extracts of seeds of C. juncea administered orally at the dose level of 25mg/100g body weight to adult female mice for 30 days, resulted in irregular estrous cycle with prolonged estrus and metaestrus and reduced diestrus and proestrus during the experimental period. Histological studies of the ovary indicate increases in the number of atretic follicles but decreases in the number of developing follicles, Graafian follicles and corpora lutea. The total cholesterol content of the ovary is increased, whereas ascorbic acid content is decreased. The weight of the uterus and its micrometric measurement in all experimental mice are increased significantly. The alcoholic extracts showed estrogenic activity in immature mice by early opening of the vagina, premature cornification of the vaginal epithilium and increases in uterine weight. However, alcohol extract of seeds of C. juncea was more effective in causing these changes compared to other extracts. After subjecting to preliminary phytochemical screenings alcohol extract showed positive; test for alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, flavones, phenols and tannins.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2014

폐경 이후 여성에서 발생되는 에스트로겐의 감소는 피부노화와 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 피부의 정상적 상태와 기능을 저하시키게 된다. 지난 10여 년간 보고된 많은 연구결과를 살펴보면, 에스트로겐은 폐경 이후 여성의 피부에서 콜라겐 감소를 막아주고, 탄력을 회복시키며, 건조한 피부를 개선시키는 등의 피부 안티에이징 효능을 가지는 것을 알 수 있다. 에스트로겐과 유사한 구조로 인해 파이토에스트로겐이라 알려진 이소플라본은 자외선에 의해 유도된 피부 손상을 보호하는 기작이 널리 알려져 왔으나 피부세포에서 에스트로겐과 유사한 안티에이징 효능을 가지는지에 대해서는 많은 연구가 진행되지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 콩류 등에 많이 함유된 이소플라본인 다이드제인이 에스트로겐과 유사한 활성 및 효능을 가지는지 밝히고자 하였다. 먼저 에스트로겐 수용체와의 결합을 통한 transcriptional activity에 미치는 효과를 luciferase assay를 통해 살펴본 결과, 다이드제인은 대조군에 비해 농도 의존적으로 estrogen receptor-dependent transcriptional activity를 유의하게 증가시켰다. 다음으로 사람의 피부 섬유아세포를 이용하여 다이드제인이 세포외 기질단백질 성분들의 발현에 미치는 효과를 조사한 결과, 다이드제인은 콜라겐 타입 I, 콜라겐 타입 IV, 엘라스틴 및 피브릴린-1의 발현을 유의하게 증가시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 모든 실험조건에서 에스트로겐 단독 효능과의 비교 분석을 통해 다이드제인은 에스트로겐과 유사한 효능을 가진다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 다이드제인은 기존에 알려진 이소플라본의 광보호 효능과 더불어 파이토에스트로겐 효능을 가짐으로써 갱년기 여성의 피부 안티에이징을 위해 활용할 수 있을 것이라 제안한다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.946-953
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• 2002

Bisphenol A [2, 2 bis (4-hydoxyphenyl) propane; BPA] is a widely used endocrine disruptors and has estrogenic: activities. Although interests on biological effect of BPA are rising, evidences of its effect on immune system are lacking. We investigated that the effect of BPA on immune parameters to postulate the mechanism, and BPA interruptions between neuroendocrine and immune system. BPA was administrated to mice by p.o. (as a drinking water) dose on 0.015, 1.5 and 30 mg/ml for 4 weeks. The BPA treatment did not result in any change in body weight, spleen weight and distribution of lymphocyte subpopulation collected from spleen. BPA induced prolactin production in spleen, and exposure of SPA increased the activity of splenocyte proliferation in response to Con A (p<0.001). The production of a strong Th-1 type cytokine ($IFN-{\gamma}$) was induced while Th-2 type (IL-4) was suppressed by SPA treatment. These were consistent with RT-PCR results of transcription factor GATA-3 and IRF-1. These findings suggested that stimulation of prolactin production by estrogenic effects of SPA would affect cytokine profiles, and lead to imbalanced cellular immune response. In addition, we could speculate that prolactin and cytokine is important mediator involved in network between neuroendocrine and immune system by BPA.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.427-436
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• 2012

Targeted therapy has been a very promising strategy of drug development research. Many molecular mechanims of diseases have been known to be regulated by abundance of proteins, such as receptors and hormones. Chemoprevention for treatment and prevention of diseases are continuously developed. Pre-clinical and clinical studies in chemoprevention field yielded many valuable data in preventing the onset of disease and suppressing the progress of their growth, making chemoprevention a challenging and a very rational strategy in future researches. Natural products being rich of flavonoids are those fruits belong to the genus citrus. Ethanolic extract of Citrus reticulata and Citrus aurantiifolia peels showed anticarcinogenic, antiproliferative, co-chemotherapeutic and estrogenic effects. Several examples of citrus flavonoids that are potential as chemotherapeutic agents are tangeretin, nobiletin, hesperetin, hesperidin, naringenin, and naringin. Those flavonoids have been shown to possess inhibition activity on certain cancer cells' growth through various mechanisms. Moreover, citrus flavonoids also perform promising effect in combination with several chemotherapeutic agents against the growth of cancer cells. Some mechanisms involved in those activities are through cell cycle modulation, antiangiogenic effect, and apoptosis induction.Previous studies showed that tangeretin suppressed the growth of T47D breast cancer cells by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. While in combination with tamoxifen, doxorubicin, and 5-FU, respectively, it was proven to be synergist on several cancer cells. Hesperidin and naringenin increased cytotoxicitity of doxorubicin on MCF-7 cells and HeLa cells. Besides, citrus flavonoids also performed estrogenic effect in vivo. One example is hesperidin having the ability to decrease the concentration of serum and hepatic lipid and reduce osteoporosis of ovariectomized rats. Those studies showed the great potential of citrus fruits as natural product to be developed as not only the source of co-chemotherapeutic agents, but also phyto-estrogens. Therefore, further study needs to be conducted to explore the potential of citrus fruits in overcoming cancer.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Signal transduction in Toxicology
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• pp.129-129
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• 2001

Alkylphenol ethoxylates have been used extensively as nonionic surfactants in industrial processing, household and institutional cleaning products. They are apparently degraded microbially to alkylphenol. Alkylphenol has been shown to possess estrogenic properties and, therefore, is an 'endocrine disrupter' that has significantly influence on sexual and reproductive development.(omitted)

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2001년도 춘계심포지움 및 학술발표회
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• pp.138-138
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• 2001

Alkylphenol ethoxylates have been used extensively as nonionic surfactants in industrial processing, household and institutional cleaning products. They are apparently degraded microbially to alkylphenol. Alkylphenol has been shown to possess estrogenic properties and, therefore, is an 'endocrine disrupter' that has significantly influence on sexual and reproductive development. (omitted)

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2006

Parabens are most wildly used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutic products as preservatives caused of safety and cheap. we had examined that paraben had estrogenic activity through the in vivo and in vitro experiments in last year. We demonstrated that most of parabens(ethyl, butyl, propyl, isobutyl, isopropyl) increased significantly uterus weight as well as induced proliferation of MCF-7 cell and binding of estrogen receptor as endocrine disrupter compounds. In this study, we evaluated that whether parabens have effect on male reproductive system or not. the male rats were administrated parabens by oral injection then examined separation of preputial day for $PND23\simPND52$. As the results, most parabens delayed pubertal development compare to control group. The separation of preputial day of Butyl and Propyl parabens at high concentration were PND 44 days and PND 45days compared to control group as PND 40 days. Even though, parabens as endocrine disrupter wildly spread in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutic products, we didn't have the safe guideline. In abroad, they are re-evaluating safety assessment for parabens. In conclusion, parabens delayed pubertal development in juvenile parabens are consider as endocrine disrupter chemicals.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2003

DEHP는 대표적인 플라스틱 가소제 가운데 하나로서, 광범위하게 사용되고 있으며, 내분비계 장애물질로 분류퇴고 있다. 실제로 하천, 해양, 토양 등 광범위한 환경에서 검출되고 있지만, 이 물질이 수서 생물에 미치는 내분비교란 영향과 기작에 대해서는 거의 알려진 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 송사리로 불리우는 Oryzias latipes(Japanese medaka)와, 유생 시기에 저니성 무척추 동물로 존재하다가 성충이 되는 Chironomus riparius를 대상으로 DEHP가 내분비 장애물질로서 생식작용에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 먼저, Japanese medaka를 부화 직후부터 3개월간 DEHP 1, 10, 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l의 농도로 노출시킨 결과 암놈의 혈중 비텔로제닌의 감소 ,생식소 지수인 GSI(Gonado Somatic Index) 감소. 난자 발달 저해 등이 관찰되었다. 또한, C. riparius를 산란 직후부터 DEHP에 노출시킨 경우에는 성체 출현률, 암수 비율, 산란률에서는 용량-반응 관계를 가진 변화가 발견되지 않았으나, 산란된 알의 부화율은 DEHP에 노출된 경우 유의하게 감소하는 것이 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 볼 때. DEHP는 O. latpes와 C. riparius 모두 생식 작용에 영향을 미치며, 그 작용 기작은 일반적으로 발견되는 에스트로젠(estrogen) 활성이 아닌 암놈의 생식기관의 발달을 직, 간접적으로 저해함으로서 정상적인 알의 생성을 방해하는 이른바 항-에스트로젠 기작을 보이는 것으로 추정된다. 본 연구에서는 DEHP 위해성 평가를 위한 기본 자료로서, 생식작용 영향에 대한 새로운 자료를 제시하였다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.308-310
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• 2002

Effect of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), on glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were investigated in the plasma of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Fish were injected with 4­NP (10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) in $70\%$ ethanol twice at 3-day intervals and plasma sampling were extracted at 7 days after the last injection. Controls received solvent only. 4-NP significant increased GOT in a dose-dependent manner. GPT was markedly elevated to $61\%$ (P<0.05) and $82\%$ (P<0.01) than that of the control at the 4-NP doses of 100 and 200mg, respectively. These results suggest that the estrogenic activity of 4-NP increase plasma GOT and GPT by toxic effect on hepatocyte.