• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1994

To elucidate the relationship between steroidogenesis and sex differentiation in the duck, plasma, testicular and ovarian testosterone, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone concentration in male and female embryo of day 11 to 27 (just before hatching) of incubation and in 1- to 7-day-old male and female duckling were investigated by radioimmunoassays. Plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentration in female embryos declined from very high at days 11 and 15 of incubation and remained at low levels after hatching. Male plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentration were always lower than those of the female throughout this period. Plasma testosterone and progesterone concentrations in both sexes were low during the embryonic stage, but then increased to peaks 3 days and 1 day after hatching, respectively. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ contents were much higher in the left ovary than the right ovary or testes throughout the experimental period. The estradiol-$17{\beta}$ content of the left ovary was very high at day 15 of incubation, and decreased gradually thereafter. Both in right ovary and testes, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ contents were always low. Testosterone and progesterone contents in the left ovary were low from day 11 to 23 of incubation, and reached a peak 1 day after hatching. Progesterone content in the right ovary and testes were low levels over time period examined. Testosterone and progesterone contents were much higher in the left ovary than the right ovary and testes. The present results clearly demonstrate that the capacity of the embryonic left ovary of duck to synthesize estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and testosterone is much higher than that of the embryonic testis. It is suggested that estrogen secreted from the embryonic ovary earlier than day 15 of incubation has an important role in female sexual differentiation in the duck, and the sex of the avian species is basically male with homozygous sex chromosome (ZZ).

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.645-654
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• 1999

Interleukin-6(IL-6) stimulate osteoclast differentiation. $17{\beta}$-estradiol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$(1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$) and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ inhibit or stimulate osteoclast differentiation by decreasing or increasing the synthesis of interleukin-6(IL-6) from stromal/osteoblastic cells, respectively. Periodontal ligament(PDL) cells reside between the alveolar bone and the cementum and have osteoblastic characteristics. To estimate the effect of $17{\beta}$-estradiol and 1,25$(OH)_2D_3$ on IL-6 production of PDL cells, PDL cells were treated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol or 1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$ in the absence or the presence of IL-$1{\beta}$. The concentration of IL-6 produced form PDL cells was determined by enzym linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). In unstimulated PDL cells, we detected constitutive production of IL-6 at 1st and 2nd day. IL-$1{\beta}$ increased IL-6 synthesis at 1st day and 2nd day. $17{\beta}$-estradiol had no significant effect on the secretion of this cytokine, either constitutively or after stimulation with IL- $1{\beta}$(0.05 ng/ml). 1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$($10^{-8}M$) decreased not only constitutive IL-6 production but also IL-$1{\beta}$-induced IL-6 production at 2nd day. These results suggest that 1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$ may control IL-$1{\beta}$-induced osteoclast differentiation by decreasing IL-$1{\beta}$-induced IL-6 secretion of PDL cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 1998

This study was undertaken to measure the concentrations of estradiol-$17{\beta}$, progesterone and testosterone, and to study their relationship with each other and with follicular size in individual buffalo ovarian follicles categorized as small (4 to 5 mm diameter), medium (6 to 9 mm diameter) and large (${\geq}10mm$ diameter). Steroid hormone concentrations varied markedly within follicles of each size category. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentrations (pmol/ml) were positively related to follicular diameter (R = 0.34, n = 308, p < 0.001) and were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in large (1$118.46{\pm}30.25$), compared to those in medium follicles ($50.32{\pm}8.29$) which, in turn were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those in small follicles ($19.70{\pm}$5.57). Progesterone and testosterone concentrations (pmol/ml) were not related to follicular diameter and were not different among small ($330.99{\pm}27.32$ and $17.68{\pm}2.44$ respectively), medium ($384.84{\pm}26.20$ and $36.47{\pm}4.55$, respectively) and large follicles ($253.25{\pm}32.23$ and $22.57{\pm}4.48$, respectively). Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and progesterone concentrations were positively related (R = 0.39, n = 47, p < 0.01) in small, unrelated in medium and negatively related in large follicles (R = -0.59, n = 23, p < 0.01). There was no relationship between estradiol-$17{\beta}$ and testosterone concentrations in follicles of all the three size categories. Progesterone and testosterone concentrations were positively related in large follicles (R = 0.57, n = 18, p < 0.02). There was no relationship between the two hormones in small and medium sized follicles. When the follicles with estradiol-$17{\beta}$/progesterone molar ratios of > 1.00 were considered non-atretic, and the rest at different stages of atresia, 197/208(95%) follicles were found to be atretic.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.170-170
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• 2002

College of Pharmacy, Ewha womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most potent halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon congener that induces expression of several genes including CYP1A1. Exposure to TCDD results in many toxic actions such as carcinogenesis, hepatotoxicity, immune suppression, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Dramatic differences in dioxin toxicity have been observed between the sexes of some animal species, suggesting hormonal modulation of dioxin action. Many studies have been reported and propose several mechanisms of anti-estrogenic effects of TCDD. In contrast, the effect of estrogen on the regulation of CYP1A1 are not clear at present. There are several reports showing conflicting results. It seems that induction/inhibition of CYP1A1 may be dependent on cell-type and concentration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation of TCDD-induced CYP1A1 gene expression by estradiol and its metabolites. We examined whether estradiol and its metabolites altered TCDD-mediated induction of CYP1A1 enzyme activity. 17 ${\beta}$ estradiol and 16 ${\alpha}$ estriol at non cytotoxic concentrations caused a significant concentration dependent decline of TCDD-induced EROD activity To determine whether reduced EROD activity reflected altered CYP1A1 mRNA expression, we measured CYP1A1 mRNA level by RT-PCR. And to examine whether estradiol and its metabolites have effects on TCDD-induced CYP1A1 gene expression at the transcription level, we also peformed transient transfection with an AhR responsive reporter plasmid containing the 5' flanking region of the human CYP1A1 gene to examine whether estradiol and its metabolites have effects on TCDD-induced CYP1A1 gene expression at the transcription level.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 1979

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of ovariectomy and estradiol benzoate administration on body growth and development of endocrine glands in female rats. One hundred and twenty female rats, 30 days old weighing 72.0${\pm}$3.0g, were divided into control and ovariectomized groups and divided again into two groups, treated and untreated with estradiol benzoate, respectively. Each group was composed of 30 rats. Hormone was injected every two week interval. The body weight was measured weekly from the beginning of treatment to 63 days after treatment and 6 rats per group were sacrificed at 7, 21, 35, 49 and 63 days after treatment for weight change of endocrine gland. The results obtained were as follows: 1. the changes in the body weight during the experimental period were not signifilcantly different between two groups, although the body weight of ovariectomized groups were heavier than that of control groups and the body weight of treated group with estradiol benzoate was heavier than that of untreated group. 2. The body lengths in all groups were increased proportionally to body weight until 63 days after treatment and there were not significantly different among the experimental groups. 3. The weight of hypophysis treated with estradial benzoate in ovariectomized groups was continuously increased in the whole period and was highly significant at 49 and 63 days after treatment as compared with those of untreated in ovariectomized group. 4. Adrenal gland weights of the control and ovariectomized group treated with estradiol benzoate were distinctly light at 21 days after treatment, but there were not significantly different among all groups at 35 days. Adrenal gland weight of ovariectomized groups was smaller than control groups at 49 days and untreated group in ovariectomized groups was considerably smaller than the other 3 groups at 63 days after treatment. 5. In control rats, the ovary weight treated group with estradiol benzoate was larger than the untreated group at 35 days after treatment, but was smaller than the untreated group after 49 days. 6. The weight of reproductive tract in ovariectomized groups were markedly smaller than control groups till 35 days after treatment. The growth of reproductive tract untreated in ovariectomized groups was almost completely depressed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2014

The purpose of the present study was to determine the priming effects of progesterone that affect the emergence of LH surge mode secretion by three different progesterone levels. In previous studies, we have shown that LH surge occurred in follicular levels of progesterone, whereas there was no surge mode secretion of LH and FSH in either the subluteal or luteal levels of progesterone. In this study, the hypothesis was that the priming effects of progesterone on the timing of the LH surge induced by exogenous estradiol are same between subluteal and luteal levels of progesterone. Long-term ovariectomized Shiba goats that had received implants of estradiol capsules (Day 0) and three different progesterone silastic packet inducing follicular, subluteal and luteal levels of progesterone were divided into three groups such as non-P, low-P and high-P group. Blood samples were collected daily throughout the experiment for the analysis of gonadal steroid hormone levels. On Day 7, all devices of progesterone packets were removed but estradiol capsules were maintained during the experiment, and blood samples were collected at 1 hr interval for 12 h from the time of progesterone removals to determine peripheral changes of estradiol and progesterone concentration. Then all animals were infused estradiol on the Day 7 after 13 h from the removals of progesterone devices with a peristaltic pump into jugular vein at a rate of 3 ${\mu}g/h$ for 36 h. For analysis of peripheral LH and estradiol concentration, blood samples were collected via another jugular vein at 2 h intervals for 52 h (from 4 h before the start of estradiol infusion to 48 h after the start of estradiol infusion). In all animals of the three groups treated with estradiol infusion, an LH surge was expressed but the peak time of LH surge was different. This time interval from estradiol infusion until the peak of LH surge was gradually and significantly extended by the different levels of progesterone treated before estradiol infusions in the three groups.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2009

Objective: This study was aimed to investigate whether uterine blood flow on the day of embryo transfer can be a predictor of pregnancy outcome in human IVF. Methods: Fifty-one patients undergoing IVF program were included in this study. Serum estradiol levels were measured on the day of hCG administration and uterine pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) was examined for at embryo transfer of day 3. Results: Of 51 cycles, 22 cycles were clinically pregnant (43.1%) and the implantation rate was 14.7%. Uterine PI and RI had a significant inverse correlation with serum estradiol levels (p<0.05). These uterine blood flows were not significantly different between pregnant and nonpregnant groups. The pregnancy rate was slightly higher in patients with PI more than 3.0 compared to those with PI of 3.0 or less, but there was no significant difference. Conclusion: These results suggest that uterine PI and RI at the day of embryo transfer could not be a good predictor of pregnancy in IVF treatment. But they had an inverse correlation with serum estradiol levels on the day of hCG administration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.771-777
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• 2007

Several endocrine disrupting chemicals(EDCs) were monitored to evaluate the estrogenic activities and the concentrations by yeast two-hybrid assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in sewage treatment plant(STP) which consist of industrial and domestic line. In the influent of domestic line, estrone, 17$\beta$-estradiol, 17$\alpha$-ethinylestradiol and alkylphenolethoxylate(APE) were detected up to 167.1, 39.7, 7.3 and 145.4 ng/L, respectively. The average removal efficiency of 17$\beta$-estradiol after the activated sludge process was 77.5% and further removed to 80.8% after the sand filtration-ozonation step. These results suggests that the activated sludge process has limited potential to remove the estrogenic activity effectively. The contributions of the estrogenic chemicals to the estrogenic activities were 70.7, 23.3, 3.7 and 2.3% for estrone, 17$\beta$-estradiol 17$\alpha$-ethinylestradiol and APE, respectively, in the domestic line effluents. Therefore, 17$\beta$-estradiol and estrone contributed most of the estrogenic activity in the domestic line effluents.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.375-390
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the expression ofIGF-I, considered as the mediator of action of estrogen, and IGF-IA and IGF-IB, alternative slicing form of IGF-I, using $17{\beta}-estradiol$ in MC3T3-E1 cells. We observed the effect on type I collagen and osteopontin gene expression and DNA synthetic activity of MC3T3-E1 cells, added by estrogen, IGF-I and combination and the interactionon proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The results were as follows :RT-PCR experiment for observing timedependantIGF-I gene expression patternshowed IGF-IA and IB gene expression in both of control and test group. In these IGF-IA gene expression was appeared predominantly. In control, IGF-I geneexpression level was maintained until 24hr and then decreased gradually. In testgroup, IGF-I gene expression level increased as time goes by. Experiment measuring DNA synthetic activity, as it is added by $17{\beta}-estradiol$, IGF-I and combination, showed that first day , there was the tendency of more increase of synthetic activity in all test group than control but no statical significance(P>0.05), and third day, there was more increase of DNA synthetic activity in $17{\beta}-estradiol$ group and combination group and it was statically significant. (P<0.005) Experiment for observing type I collagen gene expression pattern showed more increase of expression in $17{\beta}-estradiol$ group than control and no significant difference in IGF-I group and combination group. Experiment for observing osteopontin gene expression pattern showed no significant difference in control and test group. In conclusion, $17{\beta}-estradiol$ in MC3T3- E1 cells increased IGF-I gene and DNA synthetic activity simultaneously, therefore it appeared that IGF-I is related to the action of estrogen. Combination treatment of IGF-I and $17{\beta}-estradiol$ has effect on cell proliferation but this effect is lower than IGF-I or $17{\beta}-estradiol$ alone. However, combination treatment has not great effect on type I collagen or osteopontin gene expression thus little effect of cell differentiation.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1998

Jugular plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estradiol-17\ulcorner and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin-F2봬(PGFM) were meausred prepartum during the last 12 days of pregnancy, at parturition, then 1 day after parturition in 16 goats. Plasma samples were analyzed for luteinizing hormone(LH), estradiol-17\ulcorner(E2), prolactin(PRL) and prostagladin F2봬(PGF2봬) concentrations by radioimmunoassay. 1. The concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone in Korean native goats remained fairly constant(0.20 0.02\ulcorner0.38 0.04 mlu/ml) from 12 days prepartum to 1 postpartum but the concentrations of plasma prolactin rose slightly from 1 day prepartum. 2. The estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations increased rapidly after day 1 before partum, reaching a peak at parturition(74.8 77.5 pg/ml), and falling to 63.8 2.8 pg/ml at day 1 postpartum. 3. Starting at 323.2 69.6 twelve days before parturition, the concentrations of plasma prostaglandin F2봬 rose during the 1 day preceeding parturition(650.7봬57.8 pg/ml) and peaked at 1081.4 164.9 on the day of parturition. At day 1 postpartum, the concentrations of PGF2봬 decreased to 425.3 60.4 pg/ml. Finally, these results show that changes in prostaglandin F2봬 concentrations before parturition were closely related to changes in estradiol-17\ulcorner concnetrations, but after parturition they remained elevated whereas estradiol-17\ulcorner concentrations fell abruptly.