• 미생물학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2016

Erm 단백질은 미생물의 23S rRNA의 특정 nucleotide ($A_{2058}$)에 methylation 시킴으로써 $MLS_B$ (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B) 항생제에 대하여 내성을 나타내는 항생제 내성인자 단백질이다. 이 단백질들을 계통수분석을 하였을 때 두 개의 주된 집단 즉 항생제 생성균과 병원균으로 각각 구성된 Actinobacteria와 Firmicutes에서 유래된 단백질로 구분이 된다. 두 집단을 각각 대표하는 2개의 단백질을(항생제 생성균 유래 ErmS와 ErmE, 병원균 유래 ErmC'와 ErmB) 선택하여 그 활성을 비교하였다. 전체적으로 항생제 생성균에서 비롯된 Erm 단백질이 병원균에서 비롯된 단백질에 비해 높은 활성을 보였다: ErmC'와 ErmE 비교시 9배, ErmB와 ErmS 비교시 13배의 차이가 남. ErmS에서 59개의 아미노산이 제거된 NT59TE 단백질의 활성이 야생형 보다 22.5% 정도에 머물렀기 때문에 이러한 활성의 현격한 차이는 ErmS에서는 N-terminal에 붙어있는 가외의 아미노산에 의한 것으로 관찰되었고 ErmE에서는 C-terminal의 가외의 아미노산에 의한 것으로 추정되었다. 그러나 NT59TE가 ErmC'와 ErmB에 비하여 2.2, 3배의 높은 활성을 보이는 것으로 관찰되어 단백질의 핵심부위에서도 높은 활성을 도와주는 부위가 있음을 알 수 있다. 다중 아미노산 배열 정렬로부터 이 부위는 197RWS199 (ErmS와 ErmE 모두로부터 유래), 261GVGGSLY267 (ErmS로부터 유래) 그리고 261GVGGNIQ267 (ErmE로부터 유래)와 291SVV293 (ErmS로부터 유래) 그리고 291GAV293 (ErmE로부터 유래)으로 추정되었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.108-114
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• 2007

The predominant Macrolides-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B (MLS$_B$) antibiotics resistance genes in staphylococci are erm(A) and erm(C). There is the phenomenon that the ratio of constitutively MLS$_B$ antibiotics resistance (cMLS) in erm(A) is much higher than in erm(C). Thus, we confirmed that the difference of the mutation ratio between erm(A) and erm(C) makes the phenomenon. We examined 8 staphylococci carrying inducibly expressed (iMLS) erm(A) or erm(C) genes. After overnight incubation in the presence of the non-inducer MLS$_B$ antibiotics, spontaneous mutants constitutively expressed MLS$_B$ resistance were selected. Against our expectation, the mutation ratio of erm(A) was lower than erm(C). Therefore, possibilities of other factors determining the ratio of cMLS phenotype might be concerned. All the mutants showed sequence alterations in translational attenuator and all the alterations seemed to give rise to change the second structure of mRNA to express constitutively. For erm(A), 4 different types of sequence deletions ranging from 72 bp to 122 bp and 3 different types of duplications ranging 24 bp to 93 bp were detected. Also, there were 9 different types of duplications ranging 15bp to 154bp in erm(C).

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.286-290
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genetic mechanisms of erythromycin resistance in staphylococci. A total of 102 erythromycin resistant non-duplicate clinical isolates of staphylococci [78. coagulase negative stapylococci (CNS), 24 Staphylococcus aureus] were collected between October 2003 and August 2004 in Istanbul Faculty of Medicine in Turkey. The majority of the isolates were from blood and urine specimens. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by the agar dilution procedure and the resistance phenotypes by the double disk induction test. A multiplex PCR was performed, using primers specific for erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), and msrA genes.. Among the 78 CNS isolates, 57.8% expressed the $MLS_{B}-constitutive$, 20.6% the $MLS_{B}-inducible$, and 21.6% the $MS_B$ phenotypes. By PCR, 78.2% of these isolates harbored the erm(C) gene, 8.9% erm(A), 6.4% erm(B), and 11.5% msrA genes. In S. aureus, the constitutive $MLS_B$ (58.3 %) was more common than the inducible phenotype (20.8%). erm(A) was detected in 50% and erm(C) in 62.5% of the isolates, while 37.5% contained both erm(A) and erm(C). erm(C)-associated macrolide resistance was the most prevalent in CNS, while ermC) and erm(A, C) was the most prevalent in S. aureus.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1464-1469
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• 2009

To achieve more accurate and rapid detection of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes, erm(A), erm(B), and erm(C), we developed a TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR (Q-PCR) method and compared it with conventional PCR (C-PCR), which is the most widely using erm gene identification method. The detection limit of Q-PCR was 5 fg of genomic DNA or 5-8 CFU of bacterial cells of Staphylococcus aureus. The utilization of Q-PCR might shorten the time to erm detection from 3-4 h to about 50 min. These data indicated that Q-PCR assay appears to be not only highly sensitive and specific, but also the most rapid diagnostic method. Therefore, the appropriate application of the Q-PCR assay will permit rapid and accurate identification of erm genes from clinical and other samples.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.562-567
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• 2014

Human Hertwig's epithelial root sheath/epithelial rests of Malassez (HERS/ERM) cells are epithelial remnants of teeth residing in the periodontium. Although the functional roles of HERS/ERM cells have yet to be elucidated, they are a unique epithelial cell population in adult teeth and are reported to have stem cell characteristics. Therefore, HERS/ERM cells might play a role as an epithelial component for the repair or regeneration of dental hard tissues; however, they are very rare population in periodontium and the primary isolation of them is considered to be difficult. To overcome these problems, we immortalized primary HERS/ERM cells isolated from human periodontium using SV40 large T antigen (SV40 LT) and performed a characterization of the immortalized cell line. Primary HERS/ERM cells could not be maintained for more than 6 passages; however, immortalized HERS/ERM cells were maintained for more than 20 passages. There were no differences in the morphological and immunophenotypic characteristics of HERS/ERM cells and immortalized HERS/ERM cells. The expression of epithelial stem cell and embryonic stem cell markers was maintained in immortalized HERS/ERM cells. Moreover, immortalized HERS/ERM cells could acquire mesenchymal phenotypes through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition via TGF-${\beta}1$. In conclusion, we established an immortalized human HERS/ERM cell line with SV40 LT and expect this cell line to contribute to the understanding of the functional roles of HERS/ERM cells and the tissue engineering of teeth.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.257-262
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• 2004

ErmSF는 235 rRNA에 존재하는 $A_{2058}$에 이중메틸화(dimethylation)시킴으로써 항생제가 부착되는 것을 억제하여 미생물에게 MLS (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B)항생제에 대하여 내성을 나타내게 하는 ERM계열 단백질(Erm family protein)중의 하나이다. 다른 ERM 단백질과는 달리 ErmSF는 상당히 긴 N-말단부위 (N-terminal end region, NTER)를 가지고 있고 이겻은 RNA와 잘 결합하는 것으로 알려진 arginine이 약 $25\%$를 구성 하고 있다. ErmSF로부터 점차적으로 NTER을 절단하면서 절단된 단백질의 활성을in vivo에서 검색하였다. 다른 변이단백질과는 달리 R60번째까지 제거된 변이단백질은 활성이 많이 소실된 것을 in vivo상에서 관찰하였다. 이 단백질을 대량생산하여 정제하고 in vivo상에서 그 활성을 검색한 결과 wild type 단백질에 비해 약 $98\%$의 활성이 소실된 것을 밝혔다. 이러한 사실은 R60이 메틸화되는 아데닌 (methylatable adenine)의 근처에 존재하는 RNA와 작용하여 메틸화되는 아데닌이 활성화부위에 적절히 위치하도록 하는 역할을 담당한다는 것을 암시하고 있다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1154-1157
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• 2006

The ermK gene from Bacillus lichenformis encodes an inducible rRNA methylase that confers resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics. The ermK mRNA leader sequence has a total length of 357 nucleotides and encodes a 14-amino acid leader peptide together with its ribosome binding site. The secondary structure of ermK leader mRNA and a leader peptide sequence have been reported as the elements that control expression. In this study, the contribution of specific leader peptide amino acid residues to induction of ermK was studied using the PCR-based megaprimer mutation method. ermK methylases with altered leader peptide codons were translationally fused to E. coli ${\beta}-galactosidase$ reporter gene. The deletion of the codons for Thr-2 through Ser-4 reduced inducibility by erythromycin, whereas that for Thr-2 and His-3 was not. The replacement of the individual codons for Ser-4, Met-5 and Arg-6 with termination codon led to loss of inducibility, but stop mutation of codon Phe-9 restored inducibility by erythromycin. Collectively, these findings suggest that the codons for residue 4, 5 and 6 comprise the critical region for induction. The stop mutation at Leu-7 expressed constitutively ermK gene. Thus, ribosome stalling at codon 7 appears to be important for ermK induction.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2012

ErmSF는 23S rRNA의 A2058 (E. coli numbering)에 methylation을 유발하여 macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B ($MLS_B$)계 항생제의 부착을 저해함으로써 항생제 활성을 억제하는 내성인자 단백질인 Erm 단백질들 중의 하나이다. Erm 단백질들 사이에서 공통적으로 나타나는 $^{222}FXPXPXVXS^{230}$ (ErmSF numbering) 서열은 Erm 단백질인 ErmC'와 DNA methyltransferase인 M. Taq I의 구조를 분석한 연구에서 타깃인 adenine과 직접적으로 상호작용하는 부위로 제안되거나 확인되었다. 따라서 이 부분 중 Erm 단백질 사이에서 잘 보존되어있지는 않지만 염기성인 잔기의 특성상 기질인 RNA와 상호작용이 예상되는 223, 227번 arginine을 alanine으로 위치 지정 치환한 변이 단백질을 이용하여 그 잔기의 효소 활성에서의 역할을 확인하였다. 두 변이 단백질은 생체 내에서 그 활성을 여전히 유지하고 있어서 항생제인 erythromycin에 대하여 내성을 나타내었으나 in vitro 상에서는 R223A 또는 R227A가 야생형 ErmSF에 비하여 약 50%, 88%의 활성을 각각 나타내어 효소 활성에서 각 잔기가 결정적이지는 않지만 중요한 역할을 수행하고 있음을 확인하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.245-249
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• 2011

Amphetamine, a synthetic psychostimulant, is transported by the dopamine transporter (DAT) to the cytosol and increases the exchange of extracellular amphetamine by intracellular dopamine. Recently, we reported that the phosphorylation levels of ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins are regulated by psychostimulant drugs in the nucleus accumbens, a brain area important for drug addiction. However, the significance of ERM proteins phosphorylation in response to drugs of abuse has not been fully investigated. In this study, using PC12 cells as an in vitro cell model, we showed that amphetamine increases ERM proteins phosphorylation and protein kinase C (PKC) ${\beta}$ inhibitor, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) inhibitors, abolished this effect. Further, we observed that DAT inhibitor suppressed amphetamine-induced ERM proteins phosphorylation in PC12 cells. These results suggest that $PKC{\beta}$-induced DAT regulation may be involved in amphetmaine-induced ERM proteins phosphorylation.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.397-403
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• 2018

We determined the resistance rates of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus to erythromycin (Em), antibiotic typically used in aquaculture and analyzed the genotypes of resistant bacteria using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We isolated and utilized 160 isolates of Streptococcus parauberis, 1 of S. iniae, 66 of Edwardsiella tarda, 56 of Vibrio sp. and 23 of unidentified bacteria from presumed infected olive flounder from Jeju Island from March 2016 to October 2017. Of the 306 isolated strains, Em-resistant strains included 33 of S. parauberis, 39 of E. tarda and 2 of Vibrio sp. We conducted PCR to assess the resistance determination of Em-resistant strains. Five different types of Em-resistance genes were detected in the 74 Em-resistant strains: erm (A), erm (B), erm (C), mef (A) and mef (E); erm (A) and erm (B) were detected in 1 (3%) and 24 (72.7%) S. parauberis isolates, respectively. In E. tarda, erm (B) was detected in five isolates (12.8 %) and no Em-resistance genes were detected in the two Vibrio sp. isolates.